Benxi, a prefecture-level city in the east of Liaoning Province, China, is a fascinating blend of industrial heritage, natural beauty, and cultural significance. Located south-southeast of the provincial capital, Shenyang, approximately 45 miles (75 km) away, Benxi is nestled in the mountainous region of the Liaodong Peninsula along the Taizi River. With a population of 1,326,018 as of the 2020 census (down from 1,709,538 in 2010), of which 809,655 reside in its urban core (Pingshan, Xihu, and Mingshan districts), Benxi is known as the "Hometown of Maple Leaves" and a metallurgical hub. Covering an area of 8,411.31 km², it is characterized by its rugged terrain, rich mineral resources, and iconic attractions like the Benxi Water Caves.
Benxi is situated in the eastern mountainous region of Liaoning, with
two offshoots of the Changbai Mountains creating a northeast-southwest
divide. The city’s terrain slopes downward from the east and central
areas toward the southwest, with mountains and hills constituting 80% of
its land. Four major water systems, including the Taizi River, form
river valleys and basins, enhancing the city’s scenic appeal. The Taizi
River flows through the urban center, integrating the city with its
mountainous surroundings to create a unique townscape where streets
weave through hills and buildings perch on mounds.
Benxi has a
monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), marked by
distinct seasons:
Summer (June–August): Hot and humid due to the
East Asian monsoon, with July averaging 24.3°C (76°F). Nearly half of
the annual rainfall (approximately 800–1000 mm) occurs in July and
August.
Winter (December–February): Long, cold, and dry, influenced
by the Siberian anticyclone, with January temperatures averaging -14.3°C
(6.3°F). Winters are windy but see minimal snowfall.
Spring and
Autumn: Mild and pleasant, with autumn (September–October) being
particularly vibrant due to the city’s famous maple foliage. The city’s
sheltered river valley location, combined with its industrial base, has
historically contributed to air pollution, though recent efforts have
mitigated this issue.
Administratively, Benxi comprises four
districts (Pingshan, Xihu, Mingshan, Nanfen) and two Manchu autonomous
counties (Benxi Manchu Autonomous County and Huanren Manchu Autonomous
County), encompassing 25 counties, 40 towns, 229 communities, and 289
village committees. Its high forest coverage (74%) and low population
density in eastern areas make it a haven for natural attractions.
Benxi’s history spans from prehistoric times to its modern role as an
industrial and tourism center:
Prehistoric and Ancient Period:
Evidence of human habitation dates back 400,000 years, with fossils and
stone tools found at the Miaohoushan ruins. During the Warring States
Period (476–221 BC), downtown Benxi and Benxi County were under the Yan
Kingdom, while the Gaoyi tribe occupied other areas. In 37 BC, the
Koguryo Kingdom was established in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, a
significant historical site later recognized as part of a UNESCO World
Heritage Site alongside Goguryeo sites in Ji’an, Jilin. The Koguryo
Kingdom fell during the Tang Dynasty (608–907).
Liao Dynasty
(907–1125): Benxi emerged as a center for small-scale iron production,
laying the foundation for its metallurgical legacy. Coal mining began in
the late 18th century.
Modern Industrialization: Benxi’s dramatic
growth started in 1905 with the establishment of the Benxi (Benxihu)
Coal Mining Company, a Sino-Japanese venture. In 1911, it began iron
smelting and was renamed the Benxi Coal and Iron Company. Under Japanese
control after the 1931 Mukden Incident, it became a key producer of
low-phosphorus, low-sulfur iron for munitions and special steels for the
Japanese navy, operating as Showa Steel Works’ subsidiary Honkeiko.
1942 Coal Mining Disaster: In April 1942, Benxi was the site of one of
the world’s worst coal-mining disasters. A gas and coal-dust explosion
at the Benxihu Colliery killed over 1,500 Chinese miners after Japanese
authorities sealed the mine to prevent further damage, leaving survivors
to suffocate or burn. This tragedy fueled anti-Japanese sentiment and
guerrilla activity in the region, particularly in Huanren.
Post-WWII
and Communist Era: Soviet forces occupied Benxi in 1945–46, dismantling
much of its industrial equipment. Restoration began post-1949, with
Soviet technicians installing new equipment in the early 1950s. By 1957,
iron production recovered to WWII levels, and new ore sources were
developed. Benxi’s iron industry integrated closely with Anshan’s steel
complex, supplying much of its pig iron.
Cultural Revolution and
Beyond: During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Benxi, like much of
Liaoning, faced political upheaval. Since the 1980s, the city has
shifted from heavy industry toward tourism, leveraging its natural
beauty and historical sites while addressing pollution from steel and
coal production.
Benxi is a historic metallurgical center, founded as such in 1915,
with its economy heavily tied to steel and coal:
Benxi Iron and
Steel Company (Bengang): The city’s largest employer, Bengang was once
China’s fourth-largest steel company. It produces raw iron (14 million
tons), steel (13 million tons), and finished steel (12 million tons)
annually. Its integration with Anshan’s steel complex remains vital,
with much of Benxi’s pig iron transported west. In 2009, Asia’s largest
iron ore mine, with over 3 billion tons of proven reserves, was
discovered in the region, bolstering its mineral wealth.
Coal Mining:
The second-largest industry, coal mining has historically been
significant but also a source of pollution and tragedy, as seen in the
1942 disaster. Production has slowed in recent years, reducing
environmental impact.
Other Industries: Benxi hosts large plants for
cement, chemicals, nonferrous alloys, and thermal electric power.
Uranium, lead, zinc, copper, and molybdenum mining also contribute, with
deposits like the Lianshanguan Mine (uranium) and Huanren Pb-Zn deposit.
The city’s 46 large and medium-sized enterprises employ over 92,615 in
manufacturing, alongside sectors like education (20,368) and mining
(17,913).
Economic Performance: In 2012, Benxi’s GDP reached 111.24
billion CNY, growing 10% year-on-year, accounting for 4% of Liaoning’s
total. Urban per-capita disposable income was 22,466 CNY, with
consumption at 16,064 CNY. Private companies employ 63,000 workers,
reflecting a diversifying economy.
Environmental Challenges: Situated
in a sheltered valley, Benxi has faced severe air pollution from steel
and coal industries. Recent slowdowns in production and environmental
regulations have improved air quality, though challenges persist.
Benxi’s cultural identity reflects its industrial roots, natural
splendor, and diverse population:
Manchu and Hui Influence: The
Benxi Manchu Autonomous County and Huanren Manchu Autonomous County are
home to sizable Manchu and Hui populations, preserving traditions like
Manchu language and customs. The region’s historical role as a Koguryeo
capital adds cultural depth, with sites recognized by UNESCO.
Maple
Leaf Festival: Held in September, this festival celebrates Benxi’s
vibrant autumn foliage, particularly at Guanmen Mountain and Yanghugou
Ecological Resort, drawing tourists for its fiery red and golden
landscapes.
Education: Benxi hosts the Benxi Campus of Liaoning
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, focusing on medical and
cultural studies. Benxi Senior High School, despite past controversies
over its handling of student classifications, is a notable institution
improving under new leadership.
Community and Lifestyle: With an
older population and a slower pace than larger cities like Shenyang,
Benxi offers a relaxed atmosphere. Its commercial streets, like YongFeng
ShangYeJie, are bustling with affordable shopping and bazaars,
reflecting local vibrancy.
Historical Legacy: Sites like the
Miaohoushan ruins and preserved anti-Japanese guerrilla bases in Huanren
highlight Benxi’s historical significance, fostering a sense of regional
pride.
Benxi’s tourism industry has grown significantly, with natural
and historical sites drawing domestic and some international
visitors:
Benxi Water Caves National Park:
Located 26 km
east of Benxi, this AAAAA-rated attraction (designated in 2015) is a
5-million-year-old subterranean cavern system spanning 5,800 m, with
a 3,000 m-long underground river. Visitors explore by boat,
marveling at stalactites, stalagmites, stone flowers, and pillars
illuminated by colored lights. The cave’s average depth is 1.5 m,
with a maximum of 7 m, and it maintains a cool temperature
year-round, requiring warm clothing. Key formations, like Elephant
Rock, are named for their shapes. Minibuses run from Benxi Train
Station.
Visitor Tips: Bring a jacket, as the cave is cold. The
boat ride is the highlight, accommodating 20–30 boats.
Guanmen Mountain National Forest Park:
A valley of stunning
natural beauty, famous for its maple trees that turn brilliant red
in autumn. Secluded trails offer hiking opportunities, and the
park’s low population density ensures a tranquil experience. It’s a
top spot for the Maple Leaf Festival.
Highlights: Vibrant
foliage, mountain views, and serene trails.
Wunü Mountain
National Park:
This park features the remains of a Goguryeo
capital city, part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its natural
beauty, with mountains and forests, complements its historical
significance.
Access: Best visited via guided tours for
historical context.
Benxi Lake Park:
Located in Xihu
district, Benxi Lake is the world’s smallest lake, named during the
Qing Dynasty. The surrounding park is meticulously maintained, with
aromatic willow trees, lilies, and soft green grass, ideal for
picnics and relaxation. Visitors praise its cleanliness and calm
atmosphere.
Activities: Walking, picnicking, and enjoying the
lakeside ambiance.
Benxi Canyon and Dashi Lake:
Benxi
Canyon offers greenery, oxygen-rich air, and greenish rocks and
water, perfect for picnics and relaxation. Dashi Lake provides
opportunities for outdoor exploration and museum visits nearby,
blending nature with culture.
Appeal: Ideal for nature lovers
seeking tranquility.
Benxi Museum and Miaohoushan Ancient
Human Site:
The Benxi Museum showcases local history, from
prehistoric artifacts to industrial milestones. The Miaohoushan
site, with 400,000-year-old human remains and tools, offers insights
into Benxi’s ancient past.
Access: Free entry with ID; check
opening hours.
Hot Spring Temple and Tanggou Scenic Area:
Hot springs, like those at Hot Spring Temple, provide therapeutic
relaxation, especially in winter. Tanggou and Laotuding scenic areas
offer additional hiking and nature experiences, complementing
Benxi’s outdoor appeal.
Benxi is a transportation hub in eastern Liaoning, with robust rail
and road connections:
Rail: High-speed trains from Shenyang to
Benxi take 35–40 minutes, costing around ¥30. Regular trains connect to
Dandong, Dalian, and other cities. Benxi Railway Station (Yongfeng) and
Dongfen Station serve as key hubs, with buses (Nos. 1, 16, 19, 25, 32)
stopping at Dongfen.
Road: Expressways link Benxi to Shenyang,
Anshan, and Dalian. Long-distance buses depart from the central
passenger transportation center on Jiefang Bei Lu, with frequent
services to Shenyang (48 miles away). Airport buses from Shenyang
Taoxian International Airport (29 km away) drop passengers at Ma Lu Wan,
where transfers to Benxi are available.
Local Transport: Taxis and
buses navigate the city, with fares remaining affordable. The
mountainous terrain makes walking challenging in some areas, so public
transport is recommended.
Benxi has transitioned from a heavy industry hub to a tourism-focused
city:
Urban Improvements: Pollution from steel and coal has
decreased due to reduced production and stricter regulations, improving
livability. The city’s compact urban core, with districts like Pingshan
and Mingshan, offers modern amenities.
Hospitality: Budget hotels
like Halian Business Hotel (¥130/night) and mid-range options like
Guanting Holiday Hotel (¥300/night) cater to visitors. Restaurants serve
Liaoning cuisine, including dumplings and seafood, with vibrant dining
on commercial streets like LiaoNing BenXi ChangJiang BuXingJie.
Nightlife and Shopping: YongFeng ShangYeJie is a lively commercial
street with affordable goods and bazaars, popular among locals and
tourists. The relaxed pace contrasts with Shenyang’s hustle.
Winter
Tourism: Benxi promotes winter activities like ice events and hot
springs, branding itself as a destination for health and leisure.
Best Time to Visit: Autumn (September–October) for the Maple Leaf
Festival and vibrant foliage; winter for ice activities and hot springs.
Spring and early summer offer mild weather for outdoor exploration.
Getting Around: Use high-speed trains from Shenyang for quick access.
Local buses and taxis are reliable; minibuses to the Water Caves are
convenient from the train station.
Cultural Etiquette: Basic Mandarin
is useful, as English is rarely spoken. Respect local Manchu and Hui
traditions, especially in autonomous counties. Bring ID for museum
entry.
Packing: Warm clothing for the Water Caves and winter visits;
comfortable shoes for hiking in Guanmen Mountain or Wunü Mountain.
Layered attire suits spring and autumn.
Safety: Benxi is safe, with
friendly locals. Exercise caution in crowded markets and confirm taxi
fares upfront.