Language: Dutch
Currency: Euro (€)
Calling Code: 31
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands, a member of the European Union.
Administration is located in Hague, being the official seat of the
monarchy, as well as its executive, legislative and judicial
authorities. Its capital is Amsterdam. The provinces that make up
the Netherlands are located in northwestern Europe and border the
North and West with the North Sea, the South with Belgium and the
East with Germany. The special municipalities of Bonaire, Saint
Eustatius and Saba, located in the Caribbean, complete the Dutch
territory. The country is one of the most densely populated areas in
the world and is one of the most developed states: in 2011 it was
ranked third in terms of human development according to the Human
Development Index published by the United Nations. As its name
indicates, the territory of the country is formed by low land
(neder) of which approximately a quarter are situated at or below
sea level.
Frequently, the country is known by the name of
its most influential or relevant historical region, Holland, located
in the western part of the country. In this sense, the panhispánico
Dictionary of doubts, published by the Royal Spanish Academy, does
admit its use as a synonym, but to a certain extent. Their language
is also traditionally known and for the same reason as Dutch, even
though their official name is Dutch; in fact, Dutch in the strict
sense is a dialect of Dutch; admissible by the RAE in the current
speech, but never in official texts where it must be referred to as
Dutch. His name is also known traditionally as Dutch, also
admissible according to the RAE in ordinary speech, but not in
official texts, where it must be referred to as Dutch. Often, the
Netherlands is also confused with the customs union known as Benelux
formed by Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg; The denomination
is based on the intergovernmental cooperation agreement that became
effective in 1944.
The Netherlands is divided into provinces. They date from the early
19th century, some of them go back to much older units. For the state
and administration, however, they are less important than, for example,
the German federal states. Official statistics divide the provinces into
four major groups:
Northern Netherlands
Groningen - provincial
capital is Groningen.
Fryslân (in German and Dutch: Friesland) -
provincial capital is Leeuwarden.
Drenthe - provincial capital is
Assen.
Western Netherlands
Flevoland
Noord-Holland (North Holland) - the
provincial capital is Haarlem.
Zuid-Holland (South Holland) - provincial capital is The Hague
(official name: 's-Gravenhage, obsolete German: Haag).
Utrecht -
provincial capital is Utrecht.
Eastern Netherlands
Overijssel
- provincial capital is Zwolle.
Gelderland - provincial capital is
Arnhem (German: Arnhem).
Flevoland - provincial capital is Lelystad.
Southern Netherlands
Limburg - provincial capital is Maastricht.
Noord-Brabant (North Brabant) - The provincial capital is
's-Hertogenbosch (German: Herzogenbusch).
Zeeland - provincial
capital is Middelburg.
Utrecht
Veenendaal
Wijk bij Duurstede
Woerden
Drenthe
Friesland
Leeuwarden
Balk
Bolsward
Dokkum
Drachten
Franeker
Harlingen
Heerenveen
Groningen
Gelderland
Apeldoorn
Arnhem
Barneveld
Culemborg
Doetinchem
Ede
Elburg
Harderwijk
Nijmegen
Tiel
Wageningen
Wijchen
Zutphen
Overijssel
Limburg
North Limburg
Arcen
Bergen
Gennep
Horst aan de Maas
Mook en Middelaar
Peel en Maas
Venlo
Venray
Lottum
Middle Limburg
Beesel
Echt-Susteren
Leudal
Maasgouw
Nederweert
Roerdalen
Roermond
Weert
South Limburg
Heerlen
Kerkrade
Maastricht
Sittard
Valkenburg aan de Geul
Vaals
North Brabant
's-Hertogenbosch (or Den Bosch)
Baarle
Bergen op
Zoom
Breda
Deurne
Eersel
Eindhoven
Geertrudenberg
Geldrop
Gemert
Grave
Helmond
Heusden
Klundert
Nuenen
Oisterwijk
Oosterhout
Oss
Overloon
Ravenstein
Roosendaal
Tilburg
Valkenswaard
Vught
Willemstad
Woudrichem
Zundert
Zeeland
Vlissingen
Westkapelle
Zierikzee
The Netherlands is often referred to as "Holland" because South and
North Holland are only two of the twelve provinces of what is now the
Netherlands and were throughout history the most developed and therefore
best known outside of the Netherlands. For this reason, in many other
countries, Holland was often referred to as the entire country. In
Russian, this name became widespread after the Great Embassy of Peter I.
Since the interests of the Russian Tsar included places that were most
developed from a technical point of view, and they were mostly located
in the Netherlands in the province of Holland, it was she who visited
the Great Embassy; when talking at home about their visit to the
Netherlands, members of the embassy often called the country Holland,
without mentioning the name of the state as a whole.
From January
1, 2020, official institutions, companies, print media and universities
in the Netherlands began to designate their country only under the name
"Netherlands", abandoning the name "Holland" (The Dutch Ministry of
Foreign Affairs explained that this was done in order to form a unified
national brand).
The name "Netherlands" in translation means
"lower lands", but it is literally wrong to translate it, because for
historical reasons this term is used to refer to the territory roughly
corresponding to the modern Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg
(Benelux). At the end of the Middle Ages, the area located in the lower
reaches of the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, along the coast of the
North Sea, became known as the "Landen Lowlands" or "Lowlands" (de Lage
Landen bij de zee, de Nederlanden). The first official mention of the
use of the name "Netherlands" refers to the XIV-XV centuries.
The first archaeological evidence of the presence
of an ancient person in the territory of present-day Netherlands
refers to the Lower Paleolithic (about 800 thousand years ago). They
were engaged in hunting and gathering. At the end of the Ice Age,
the territory was inhabited by various Paleolithic groups. About
8000 BC Mesolithic tribe lived on this territory, and in the
next several millennia the Iron Age with a relatively high standard
of living came.
At the time of the arrival of the Romans, the
territory of modern Netherlands was inhabited by Germanic tribes,
such as the Tubants, Canine-Fats and Friezes, who settled there
about 600 BC. Celtic tribes, such as the Eburons and the Menapies,
populated the south of the country. Germanic Frieze tribes are one
of the branches of the Teutons that came to the Netherlands around
the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. At the beginning of Roman
colonization, the German tribes of Batavi and Toxandra also arrived
in the country. During the Roman Empire, the southern part of the
present Netherlands was occupied by the Romans and became part of
the province of Belgica (lat. Gallia Belgica), and later - the
province of Lower Germany (lat. Germania Inferior).
In the
Middle Ages, the Lower Countries (approximately consisting of
present-day Belgium and the Netherlands) included various counties,
duchies, and dioceses that were part of the Holy Roman Empire. They
were united into one state under the rule of the Habsburgs in the
16th century. After the spread of Calvinism, the Counter-Reformation
followed, causing a split in the country. The attempts of the
Spanish King Philip II to centralize the state led to an uprising
against Spanish rule under the leadership of William I of Orange. On
July 26, 1581, the country's independence was proclaimed officially
recognized by other states only after the Eighty Years War
(1568–1648). During the years of the War of Independence, the
“Golden Age” of the Netherlands began, a period of economic and
cultural prosperity that lasted the whole of the 17th century.
After the end of the French occupation at the beginning of the
19th century, the Netherlands turned into a monarchy under the rule
of the House of Oran. In 1830, Belgium finally separated from the
Netherlands and became an independent kingdom; Luxembourg gained
independence in 1890. Under pressure from liberal politicians, the
country was transformed into a parliamentary constitutional monarchy
in 1848. This political structure has survived to this day, with a
brief break during the Nazi occupation.
During World War I,
the Netherlands remained neutral, but during World War II they were
occupied by Germany for five years. During the German invasion,
Rotterdam was bombarded, in which the city center was almost
completely destroyed. Holocaust victims during the occupation were
104,000 Dutch Jews (more than seventy percent of all Dutch Jews).
After the war, the country's rapid recovery began, helped by the
Marshall Plan, organized by the United States of America. Thanks to
this, the Netherlands quickly managed to restore the national
economy and achieve economic growth. The former colonies of
Indonesia and Suriname gained state independence. As a result of
mass immigration from Indonesia, Turkey, Morocco, Suriname and the
Antilles, the Netherlands became a country with many cultures and a
large share of the Muslim population.
In the sixties and
seventies, great social and cultural changes took place. Catholics
and Protestants began to communicate more with each other, and
differences between sectors of the population also became less
noticeable due to an increase in living standards and the
development of education. Women's economic rights expanded much, and
they increasingly began to occupy high positions in enterprises and
in government. They were also given passive suffrage, that is, the
right to be elected. The government began to care not only about
economic growth, but also about protecting the environment. The
population received broad social rights; pensions, unemployment and
disability benefits are among the highest in the world.
On
March 25, 1957, the Netherlands became one of the founders of the
European Union and later did a lot for European integration.
However, in a referendum on the European Constitution in June 2005,
more than half of the Dutch voted against its adoption. A negative
role was played by the ban on holding a referendum on the country's
transition from a guilder to the euro. Thus, the Netherlands became
the second country, after France, which rejected the draft of a
single EU constitution.
From July 22, 2002 to October 14, 2010, the leader
of the Christian Democratic Appeal, Jan-Peter Balkenende, was the
Prime Minister. On February 22, 2007, he formed his fourth cabinet
of ministers - a coalition of Christian Democratic Appeal, the Labor
Party and the Christian Union Small Party (6 seats in parliament).
The Balkenende deputies in the government were the leader of the
Labor Party, Wouter Bos and the leader of the Christian Union, Andre
Rauwoot.
On February 20, 2010, the fourth cabinet of
ministers, Jan-Peter Balkenende, collapsed due to disagreements
among coalition members over the participation of Dutch forces in
the anti-terrorist operation in Afghanistan. The leader of the Labor
Party, Wouter Bos, called for the speedy withdrawal of all Dutch
troops from Afghanistan, while coalition leader Jan-Peter Balkenende
insisted on extending the mandate in Afghanistan for another year
(the mandate expired in August 2010). In February 2010, 1,900 Dutch
soldiers were in Afghanistan. New elections were called.
In
the parliamentary elections of June 9, 2010, the ruling Christian
Democratic Party lost 20 of the 41 seats, and the best results were
achieved by the liberal People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy,
the center-left Labor Party and the Freedom Party, known for its
anti-Muslim views. On October 14, 2010, Mark Rutte, leader of the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, became the new Prime
Minister of the Netherlands. The Freedom Party became part of the
ruling coalition with the NPSD and the Christian Democratic Party
without the right to ministerial posts. The parties of the ruling
coalition (NPSD, KDP and PS) had 76 deputy mandates of 150 seats in
the Second Chamber and 37 of 75 in the First.
On April 23,
2012, Rutte submitted a letter of resignation to Queen Beatrix. The
reason for such actions on the part of Rutte was unsuccessful
negotiations with the opposition on the 2013 budget and possible
measures to overcome the financial crisis. In particular, one of
these measures is to reduce public spending by 16 billion euros.
After the early parliamentary elections held in September 2012,
Rutte formed the coalition government of the People’s Party for
Freedom and Democracy and the Labor Party.
The first constitution of the Netherlands in 1815 gave
primary power to the king, but gave legislative powers to a bicameral
parliament (the States General). The modern constitution of the country
was adopted in 1848 at the initiative of King Willem II and the famous
liberal Johan Rudolf Thorbeke. This constitution can be considered a
"peaceful revolution" because it sharply curtailed the power of the king
and transferred executive power to the cabinet. Parliament was
henceforth elected in direct elections, and it gained great influence on
the decisions of the government. Thus, the Netherlands became one of the
first countries in Europe to make the transition from an absolute
monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
In 1917, a change in the constitution gave suffrage to all men over
the age of 23; in 1919 all women were given the right to vote. Since
1971, all citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. The
largest revision of the constitution took place in 1983. From now on,
the population was guaranteed not only political, but also social
rights: protection from discrimination (on the basis of religion,
political opinions, race, gender and other reasons), a ban on the death
penalty and the right to a living wage. The government was given the
duty to protect the population from unemployment and protect the
environment. Several constitutional changes after 1983 abolished
conscripted military service and allowed the use of the armed forces for
peacekeeping operations abroad.
The monarch of the Netherlands is
officially the head of state, but delegates power to the cabinet. Among
the many functions of the King as head of state is the annual Speech
from the Throne, proclaimed by him on Princes' Day at the beginning of
the parliamentary year (Princes' Day falls on the third Tuesday of
September) [16]. The Speech from the Throne presents the government's
plans for the coming year. The monarch also plays an important role in
the formation of the government. After the elections, the head of state
holds consultations with faction leaders, chairmen of the First and
Second Chambers of Parliament and with the Vice-Chairman of the State
Council. On their recommendation, the King can appoint an "informant"
who finds out which parties are ready to work together in government. So
far, there has not been a single case of one party having an absolute
majority. Appointing an informant is not necessary if it is known in
advance which parties want to jointly form a cabinet. The result of
negotiations between these parties is an agreement on the conditions for
the formation of a government. This agreement outlines the coalition's
plans for the forthcoming four-year term of government. After reaching
this agreement, the King appoints a "formator" whose task is to form a
cabinet. For the most part, the formator becomes the prime minister of
the new government. New Ministers are appointed by Royal Decree and
sworn in by the King.
Since 2013, Willem-Alexander of the Orange
dynasty has been king, and his eldest daughter, Princess
Katharina-Amalia of Orange, has been the heir to the throne. From 1890
to 2013, only women were on the throne. The monarch often abdicates the
throne in favor of the heir upon reaching old age (this was done by all
three queens who succeeded each other in the 20th century: Wilhelmina,
Juliana and Beatrix). In practice, the monarch almost does not interfere
in political life, limiting himself to official ceremonies, but at the
same time he has a certain influence on the formation of a new
government after parliamentary elections and on the appointment of royal
commissioners in the provinces.
Legislative power is vested in
the Monarch (nominally), the Estates General (Parliament) and, to a
lesser extent, the Government. Parliament consists of two chambers: the
first (75 seats) and the second (150 seats). The second chamber, which
has the main power, is elected by direct universal suffrage for 4 years.
The first chamber is indirectly elected by the provincial
parliaments. The next provincial elections were held on March 18, 2015;
The composition of the First Chamber was elected on May 26, 2015. The
functions of the First Chamber are reduced to the ratification of bills
already developed and adopted by the Second Chamber.
Executive
power is concentrated in the hands of the cabinet of ministers
(government). The government is obliged to coordinate the main decisions
with the parliament, and therefore is formed on the basis of a
parliamentary majority. No party in the recent history of the
Netherlands has had an absolute majority in parliament, so governments
have always been coalitional in nature.
The highest judicial instance is the Supreme Council (Hoge Raad), the courts of appeal are 4 judicial chambers (Gerechtshof), the courts of first instance are 11 tribunals (Rechtbank), the lower level of the judicial system is the cantonal courts (Kantongerecht), the prosecution supervision bodies are the Prosecutor General's Office ( Parket-generaal), headed by the Advocate General (Advocaat-generaal), District Attorney's Offices (ressortsparket) headed by the Chief Advocate General (Hoofdadvocaat-Generaal), one per Chamber of Trials, District Attorney's Offices (arrondissementsparketten), headed by a chief officer justice (hoofdofficier van justitie), one per tribunal.
The Netherlands is divided into 12 provinces (the last
province of Flevoland was created in 1986 on drained territories), the
provinces are divided into communities. The Netherlands also has three
special communities in the Caribbean: Bonaire, Saba and St. Eustatius.
The representative bodies of the provinces are the provincial states
(Provinciale Staten), the executive bodies of the provinces are the
deputies of the states (Gedeputeerde Staten), consisting of the king's
commissioner (Commissaris van de Koning) and deputies (gedeputeerde),
the representative bodies of the communities are the community councils
(Gemeenteraad), the executive body College of burgomaster and councilors
(College van burgemeester en wethouders), consisting of the burgomaster
(Burgemeester) and advisers.
The main units of local
administration are communities, of which there are 355 in 2020.
Population
Since 1900, the population of the Netherlands in millions,
natural increase per 1000 people, migration gain (per 1000 people) and
total fertility rate (2.1 population replacement level).
Number
and placement
The population is 17,676,400 (September 8, 2022).[21]
In the list of countries by the number of inhabitants, the Netherlands
ranks 66th[22]. Compared with other European countries, the population
of the Netherlands has grown very rapidly over the past century and a
half: 3 million inhabitants in 1850, 5 million in 1900, 10 million in
1950, 15 million in 1991, 16 million in 2002 and 17 million in 2017.[3]
For comparison, the population of Belgium in the same period only about
doubled: from 4.5 million inhabitants in 1850 to 10 million in 2000.
According to the official forecast of the Dutch Central Bureau of
Statistics from 2020, the population of the Netherlands under the
baseline scenario by 2070 will be 20,423,000 people. The population of
the Netherlands will grow in the coming decades, mainly due to the fact
that more people come to the Netherlands than they leave, and also
because of the increase in life expectancy. From 2023, more children
will also be born, but in the long run this will not be enough to offset
the growing number of deaths caused by the demographic aging of the
population. According to current research, between 2040 and 2060 more
people will die each year than are born. The Dutch population over the
age of 65 is expected to grow from 20% at the end of 2020 to 25% in
2040. This is the result of the post-war baby boom and the large number
of births in the 1960s, as well as increasing life expectancy. The
number of older people is expected to stabilize between 2040 and 2050,
when the younger generations will survive 65 years and many older people
from the post-war generations will die. After 2050, the number of older
people in the population will increase again, in part because a large
generation of millennials will then turn 65 years old. The Dutch
population aged 20 to 65 is expected to grow from 10.3 million in 2021
to 10.9 million in 2070. The number of people aged 0-20 will grow from
3.7 million in 2021 to 4.2 million in 2070. Over the past twenty years
(from 2000 to the end of 2020), the population of the Netherlands has
increased by 1.5 million inhabitants, 96% of this growth was provided by
immigrants and their descendants, this is due to immigration, as well as
the fact that the first generation of migrants had children (the second
generation of immigrants). The population of the Netherlands of native
Dutch origin has been declining since 2015 because more people die than
children are born and slightly more people emigrate than immigrate. In
the coming decades, as before since the 1970s, due to the completion of
the demographic transition, the population of the Netherlands will grow
only due to immigrants and their descendants, while the population of
the Netherlands of indigenous Dutch origin will continue to decline. If
on November 1, 2021, in total, immigrants and their descendants
accounted for 25.2% of the population of the Netherlands, then by 2070
it is expected that immigrants and their descendants will account for up
to 42% of the population of the Netherlands. As in 2020 and in the
future, almost half of the Dutch population of immigrant origin were
born in the Netherlands itself (second generation immigrants), with at
least one of their parents born abroad.
With a land area of 41,543 km², according to 2020
data, the Netherlands has a population density of 517 people per square
kilometer. Thus, the Netherlands is the 15th most densely populated
state in the world. The most densely populated are the three western
provinces: North Holland, South Holland and Utrecht (average population
density of 1,000 people/km² or more; maximum rates are noted in urban
areas - over 2,000 people/km²). Largely due to this, as well as a
developed economy and a high level of income of the population, the
Netherlands is one of the countries with the most developed transport
and information infrastructure. For 2020, according to ITU, there were
16,383,879 Internet users in the country, which was approximately 95.4%
of the total population of the country, according to this indicator, the
Netherlands ranked 4th in the EU after Denmark - 97.9%, Malta - 97.2%,
Lithuania - 96.8% and Estonia - 96.3%.
Ethnic composition
As
of 1 May 2022, there were a total of 4,540,098 immigrants and their
descendants, or 25.7% of the Dutch population. The Netherlands is home
to two indigenous groups, the Dutch and the Frisians, as well as a large
number of immigrants. According to The World Factbook, the ethnic
composition of the population as of 2018: 76.9% - Dutch, 6.4% - citizens
of other EU member states, 2.4% - Turks, 2.3% - Moroccans, 2.1% -
Indonesians, 2.1% - Germans, 2% - Surinamese, 1% - Poles, 4.8% - other
ethnic groups. Ethnic composition of the population as of 2021: 75.36% -
Dutch and Frisians, 2.42% - Turks and Kurds, 2.37% - Moroccans and
Berbers, 2.05% - Surinamese *, 2.02% - Indonesians and Moluccans, 1.98%
Germans, 1.2% Poles, 0.75% Curaçao, 0.7% Belgians, 11.15% other ethnic
groups. In the four largest cities of the country (Amsterdam, The Hague,
Rotterdam and Utrecht), the number of immigrants is growing. As of
January 1, 2020, in total, immigrants and their descendants made up
24.2% of the population of the Netherlands, but this share was higher in
large cities. In the four largest cities combined, immigrants and their
descendants made up 51.8% of the population. In Amsterdam, immigrants
and their descendants made up 55.6% of the population. In The Hague,
Rotterdam and Utrecht, this figure was 55.6%, 52.3% and 36.1%
respectively.
Sex and age structure
The average age of the
population of the Netherlands according to The World Factbook for 2020
was 42.8 years (32nd in the world), including 41.6 years for men and 44
years for women. The population of the Netherlands is the highest in the
world: the average height of adult men is 182.5 cm, adult women - 168.7
cm.
The composition of the population by religion as of 2019: 20.1% - Catholics, 14.8% - Protestants, 5.0% - Muslims, 5.9% - profess other religions (including Hindus, Buddhists, Jews), 54, 1 - irreligious.
The Netherlands is the most populous country in Europe
(excluding a few dwarf countries). There is a very dense river network
on the territory of the country, the mouths of the Rhine, Meuse and
Scheldt rivers converging on it form a vast common navigable delta. The
rivers are full-flowing and bring masses of sediment, but often their
channels carry the danger of floods. From the soils deposited by these
rivers, a delta and a vast flat lowland were formed. The relief of the
Netherlands is mainly made up of coastal lowlands, in the southeast
there are small hills, and quite large areas are being added at the
expense of marine territories. Half of the territory lies below sea
level, and only in the south of the Netherlands does the terrain rise to
30 meters or more. Most of the lowlands are found in the provinces of
North Holland, South Holland and Flevoland. The coastline is formed by
alluvial dunes. Behind them are the lands once reclaimed from the sea,
called polders and protected by dunes and dams from sea waters. In
general, most of the soils are podzolic, but near the North Sea there
are also fertile silty soils, and along the river valleys -
alluvial-meadow soils. The polders, almost completely used for
agricultural needs, are composed mainly of clay and peat. In the
southern and eastern regions of the country, mainly sandy soils are
widespread, largely occupied by arable land. In some places, heather
wastelands (short grasses with shrubs) and pine-oak-beech forests have
been preserved here. The plateaus of southern Limburg are covered with
loess of eolian origin. Fertile loamy soils are developed here, which
form the basis of agriculture. Most of the wildlife in the Netherlands
has been displaced by humans. Nevertheless, there are many birds in the
country, especially waterfowl. Many rare animal species are protected in
national parks and reserves. 21.96% of the land is used for arable land.
The highest point of the country is Walserberg (322 m), located in the
southeast, and the lowest point is Zaudplastpolder (−6.74 m below sea
level).
Climate
In general, the climate is temperate,
maritime, characterized by cool summers and fairly warm winters. The
average temperature in July is +16…+17°C, in January it is about +2°C on
the coast and slightly colder inland. The absolute maximum air
temperature (+38.6°C) was recorded on August 23, 1944 in Varnsveld, the
absolute minimum (−27.4°C) was recorded on January 27, 1942 in
Winterswijk. In winter, when anticyclones invade from Eastern Europe,
temperatures drop below 0°C, snow falls, and canals and lakes freeze
over. Although the average annual rainfall is 650 to 750 mm, there is
rarely a day without rain. Often there are fogs, sometimes snow falls in
winter.
Reclamation
A quarter of the country's territory lies
5–7 m below sea level. A seventh of the land is at a height of only 1 m
above sea level, and only 1⁄50 of the country's territory is above 50 m.
Since the time of the Roman Empire, the Dutch have been reclaiming land
from the sea. The first polders appeared as early as the 13th century,
and since then, significant areas have been drained along the coast. But
at the same time, the history of the Netherlands is the history of the
ongoing struggle of people with the sea. True, nature itself came to the
aid of man here, protecting part of the coast with a rather wide belt of
sand dunes. But this belt was not continuous, and besides, the sand was
scattered by the winds. Then people began to strengthen the dunes with
various plantings, and in places of breaks they built earthen dams and
dams. They began to build the same dams and dams on the rivers. By the
way, numerous place names ending in “dams” (dam, dam) come from here,
for example Amsterdam (“dam on the Amstel River”) or Rotterdam (“dam on
the Rotte River”).
Today, the total length of the continuous chain of
dams and fortified dunes exceeds 3000 km. They are no longer built from
sand and stone, but from reinforced concrete and steel structures. The
paramount importance of this problem was the reason to organize a
department for flood protection - Waterschap (Dutch. Waterschap). Large
reclamation projects were carried out in 1930-1950. It was then that the
artificial lake IJsselmeer was created, which became the largest in
Western Europe (the 12th Dutch province of Flevoland was formed on the
site of a drained bay). After a severe flood in 1953, when the sea broke
through many coastal dams, it was decided to implement the Delta
project, which provided for the separation of river mouths from the sea,
while maintaining navigation through numerous channels. Fencing off from
the sea, the Dutch began to create polders. This is also a Dutch term
for a piece of land reclaimed from the sea, protected on all sides by
dams and used for resettlement of people and various forms of
management. Even more polders began to appear on the site of drained
lakes and peat bogs, turning into fertile fields. Already in the 1960s,
on the site of one of the drained lakes south of Amsterdam, the
country's main international airport, Schiphol, one of the largest in
Europe, arose. In the Middle Ages, windmills were used to pump water, in
the 19th century steam pumps began to be used, and in the 20th century
electric pumps began to be used. In total, by the beginning of the 21st
century, 2.8 thousand large and small polders with a total area of 20
thousand km² had already been created in the country, which corresponds
to about half of the country's territory.
Time Zones
The
territory of the Netherlands is located in a time zone called Central
European Time (CET) (UTC + 1) with the clock moving every year on the
last Sunday of March at 2:00 1 hour forward and on the last Sunday of
October at 3:00 1 hour backward (Central European summer time (UTC+2)).
The special municipalities of the Netherlands (Bonaire, St. Eustatius
and Saba), as well as the constituent parts of the Kingdom (Aruba,
Curaçao, St. Maarten), are in the UTC-4 time zone.
Benefits: Highly skilled and multilingual workforce.
Excellent infrastructure. Expensive social system with high taxes and
social insurance payments. A third of government revenue goes to social
benefits. High payroll costs. Low inflation - as of August 2017, this
figure was 1.3%. The unemployment rate as of August 2017 is 4.7%. As of
2017, the average wage in the Netherlands is €2855 ($3207.06 gross) and
€2152 ($2417.33 net) per month. The Dutch government adjusts the minimum
wage twice a year on 1 January and 1 July, in line with changes in the
average, collectively agreed wage in the Netherlands. From January 1,
2020, the minimum wage for persons over 21 in the Netherlands is 1653.60
euros (gross) and 1523 euros (net) per month.
Weaknesses: Aging
population.
The Netherlands has a modern highly developed
post-industrial economy. The most important industries:
mechanical
engineering
Electronics
Petrochemistry
aircraft industry
Shipbuilding
Ferrous metallurgy
Textile industry
furniture
industry
Pulp and paper industry
The Netherlands is a highly
developed country economically. The service sector accounts for 73% of
GDP, industry and construction - 24.5%, agriculture and fisheries -
2.5%. The most important service sectors are dominated by: transport and
communications, the credit and financial system, research and
development (R&D), education, international tourism, and a range of
business services.
Heavy industry - oil refining, chemical
production, ferrous metallurgy and engineering - are concentrated in the
coastal regions, especially in Rotterdam, as well as in IJmuiden,
Dordrecht, Arnhem and Nijmegen. All these cities stand on navigable
rivers or canals. There are wind farms on the sea coast. The production
of cheese, chocolate, cigars, gin, and beer is also developed. A
well-known industry, despite its modest scale, is diamond processing in
Amsterdam.
The Netherlands is home to the headquarters and
production facilities of such transnational and European companies as
Royal Dutch Shell, Unilever, Royal Philips Electronics.
The Dutch
banking system is represented by such banks as ABN AMRO, ING Groep N.V.
and Rabobank. In 2002, the Netherlands adopted the euro as a common
European currency, replacing the guilder with it.
Zones with a
special economic regime are located in the Antilles, in particular, on
the island of Curaçao, which is a significant economic zone of the
Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Main imports: oil, automobiles, iron
and steel, clothing, non-ferrous metals, foodstuffs, various transport
equipment, rubber.
Main export items: chemical products, meat,
greenhouse vegetables, floriculture products, natural gas, metal
products.
The main trading partners of the country: Germany,
Belgium, Great Britain, France.
Extractive industry
Natural
gas plays an important role in the mining industry in the Netherlands.
Pipelines distribute gas from Groningen throughout the country and for
export. In terms of the reserves of this mineral, the Netherlands ranks
first in Western Europe and with a production rate of 3.1% - sixth in
the world. Until 1975, coal was mined in the province of Limburg. In the
cities of Hengelo and Delfzijl, salt mines operated with a production
volume of 4 million tons per year. Natural gas reserves are estimated at
1615 billion m³ as of 2017. Oil is being produced on the Dutch part of
the continental shelf. There are also clays.
The flat relief creates favorable conditions for the
development of a road network, but a large number of rivers and canals
creates certain difficulties and risks in road construction. The small
area of the state is evidenced by the fact that one can get from one
border to another in 3-4 hours.
The total length of the railway
network is 2,753 km (of which more than 2,000 km are electrified).
The total length of roads is 138,641 km, of which 2,756 km are
motorways.
The length of navigable rivers and channels accessible
to vessels with a displacement of up to 50 tons is 6237 km.
Ocean
shipping also plays an important role in the country's economy.
Rotterdam is one of the largest seaports in the world in terms of cargo
turnover. The Netherlands processes a significant part of European cargo
flows. KLM operates many international routes.
The Dutch
government is constantly fighting traffic jams in order to improve the
traffic situation on the road and the environmental situation in
general. In many large cities, traffic congestion is the cause of
environmental pollution, where the share of such environmental damage is
50% of the total.
The bicycle is a widely used form of transport
in the Netherlands. By cycling around the country, you can cover a
distance comparable to a train ride. By some estimates, the Dutch own at
least 18 million bicycles, which is more than one per capita. In 2013,
the European Cycling Federation ranked the Netherlands and Denmark as
the most bike-friendly countries in Europe. Bicycle is the most used
form of transport on a typical day. There are about 35,000 km of cycle
paths along the highways, physically separated from motorized transport.
Traffic lights for cyclists are often installed at busy intersections.
In cities, large parking lots for bicycles are organized, especially in
the center and at railway stations.
29 airports (2013).
Agriculture
Despite its size, the Netherlands is the second largest
food exporter in the world, measured by value, behind only the United
States, and first in the European Union. In 2016, agricultural exports
exceeded 94 billion euros against 90 billion in 2015. At the moment, the
agri-food sector accounts for 22% of the country's total exports. The
country exports mainly vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat and
processed products, flowers. It is worth noting the growing demand for
Dutch agricultural materials and technologies (energy efficient
greenhouses, precision farming systems via GPS and drones, new
discoveries that make crops more resilient to the effects of climate
change and disease).
Land areas. As of 2015, about 31% of
agricultural land is arable, 24% pasture and 11% forested. The soil in
the Netherlands is carefully looked after, in addition, in 2005, the
country ranked first in the world in terms of the amount of mineral
fertilizers applied per hectare. The area of land irrigated for
agricultural needs is 5650 km² (as of 2003).
Plant growing. In
some parts of the country (in the area of Amsterdam) floriculture
predominates. Potatoes, sugar beets and cereals are also grown. An
important export item is high-quality greenhouse and canned vegetables.
Livestock. Fifth in Europe in butter production and fourth in cheese
production. Pasture livestock farming is the most common, with more than
4.5 million head of cattle grazing on polders (about 3.5% of EU
livestock). The dairy herd in 2005 numbered about 1.4 million heads (in
the mid-1980s there were about 2.5 million heads), the herd's
productivity is very high - the average milk yield is more than 9
thousand liters of milk per year. In recent years, the Dutch government
has taken steps to reduce the number of dairy cattle in order to
minimize phosphate production and its impact on the environment.
According to Dutch Minister of Agriculture Martin van Damme, 60,000
heads will be eliminated in the plans of the state program to reduce the
number of livestock, of which 31,500 have already been slaughtered.
These measures came after the Netherlands had exhausted the limits on
feed phosphates that had been sanctioned by the European Union.
Greenhouse economy. In terms of area allocated for greenhouses, the
Netherlands ranks first in the world. From 1994 to 2005, the area of
greenhouses increased from 13,000 to 15,000 hectares, and the
greenhouses are usually heated with local natural gas. 60% of the
protected ground is reserved for floriculture.
The armed forces of the Netherlands (Dutch.
Nederlandse krijgsmacht) consist of four branches of service:
Royal
Land Forces (Netherlands Koninklijke Landmacht, KL).
Royal Navy
(Dutch. Koninklijke Marine, KM), including the Naval Aviation Service
(Marine-Luchtvaartdienst) and the Marine Corps (Korps Mariniers).
Royal Air Force (Dutch. Koninklijke Luchtmacht, KLu)
Royal Military
Police (Dutch. Koninklijke Marechaussee).
The commander-in-chief of
all branches of the armed forces is King Willem-Alexander of the
Netherlands. Commander of the Royal Netherlands Naval Forces and Admiral
of the Benelux - Lieutenant General Rob Verkerk. The current Minister of
Defense is Ankh Bijleveld
Many famous artists lived and worked in the
Netherlands. Hieronymus Bosch created his works in the 16th century. In
the 17th century, such masters as Rembrandt van Rijn, Jan Vermeer, Jan
Stein and many others lived. Vincent van Gogh and Piet Mondrian were
famous in the 19th and 20th centuries. Maurice Cornelis Escher is known
as a graphic artist. Willem de Koning was educated in Rotterdam and went
on to become a well-known American artist. Han van Meegeren became
famous for his forgeries of classical paintings.
Philosophers
Erasmus of Rotterdam and Spinoza lived in the Netherlands, where all the
main works of Descartes were completed. The scientist Christian Huygens
discovered Saturn's moon Titan and invented the pendulum clock. Pieter
van Muschenbroek invented the first electric capacitor
The
"golden age" of the Netherlands also led to the flourishing of
literature, famous writers were Joost van den Vondel and Pieter
Cornelisson Hooft. In the 19th century, Multatuli (Eduard Douwes Dekker)
wrote about the mistreatment of natives in the Dutch colonies. Important
writers of the 20th century were Harry Mülisch, Jan Volkers, Simon
Westdijk, Gerard Reve, Willem Frederik Hermans and Seis Noteboom. Anne
Frank wrote the famous "Diary of Anne Frank", which was published after
her death in a Nazi concentration camp and translated from Dutch into
all major languages.
Dutch art of the 20th century acquired a
more experimental character, while at the same time not completely
abandoning traditional realism. In the 1950s, interest in poetry
revived. In the works of such writers as Willem Frederik Hermans, Gerard
Reve, Harry Mülish, the description of the disharmonious aspects of life
is intertwined with realistic traditions. All modern trends are
represented in painting and sculpture, among which in the 1950s the
Kobra group, led by such a master as Karel Appel, stood out the most. In
music, composer Willem Peiper won international recognition. All major
cities have wonderful symphony orchestras, the most famous of which are
the Amsterdam and The Hague Royal Orchestras. The Dutch ballet is one of
the best in Europe.
Notable Dutch filmmakers include Jos Stelling
and Paul Verhoeven. Among the actors, Rutger Hauer is the most famous,
and among the actresses - Sylvia Kristel and Famke Janssen. Also world
famous are such metal bands as Pestilence, The Gathering, Ayreon, Within
Temptation, Delain, Exivious and Epica, as well as rock bands Shocking
Blue and Focus. In addition, the Netherlands is famous for world-famous
sound producers and DJs - Tiësto, Hardwell, Armin van Buuren, Dannic,
Ferry Corsten, Afrojack, Sander van Doorn, Laidback Luke, Mitch Crown,
Sidney Samson, Martin Garrix.
There are many wonderful museums in
the Netherlands. Outstanding paintings by Dutch artists are presented in
the Rijksmuseum and the Rembrandt House Museum in Amsterdam, the
Boijmans-van Beuningen Museum in Rotterdam and the Mauritshuis Museum in
The Hague, as well as in some major provincial museums, such as the
Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem and the Utrecht Central Museum. The
Amsterdam City Museum has a large collection of art from the 19th and
20th centuries. The Vincent van Gogh State Museum in Amsterdam houses
more than 700 paintings and sketches by the master. The Kröller-Müller
Museum in Otterlo also has a large collection of Van Gogh's works; in
addition, there is a collection of works of contemporary art.
Football is one of the most popular sports in the
Netherlands. The first information about him dates back to 1865. At the
same time, the oldest football club in the Netherlands is the
Koninkleike HFC club, which was founded in 1879. This was followed by
the organization in the city of The Hague of the "Dutch Football and
Athletic Union" in 1889. The Netherlands national football team is
constantly in the top twenty of the strongest in the world. The
Netherlands women's football team performs at a fairly strong level in
the international arena. Led by head coach Sarina Wigman, the team won
the UEFA Women's European Football Championship 2017. The country hosted
such significant football tournaments as the 2000 European Championship
and the 2017 European Women's Championship.
Among the winter
sports for the inhabitants of the Netherlands, skating occupies a
special place. The history of this sport goes far back. According to
“Notes on the stay of Peter I in the Netherlands 1697-1698 and
1716-1717” by J. K. Nomen, the Dutch traditionally skated for a long
time and taught the Mokvitians that they came to them. Dutch skaters
have won many of the most prestigious tournaments and are considered
among the strongest in the world.
Combat sports are also very
popular in the country. Especially well developed are kickboxing,
savate, Thai boxing, karate, and judo. The Netherlands Muay Thai and
Kickboxing School is often referred to as the "second home of Muay
Thai". Well-known sports invented in the Netherlands are korfball and
polsstokfersprinchen. At the Olympics and World Championships, Dutch
athletes win a very large number of medals in relation to the population
of the country. Thousands of fans from the Netherlands attend matches in
foreign countries dressed in orange, which is always worn by the players
of the national football team. The following are also popular among the
population: baseball, tennis, cycling, field hockey, volleyball,
handball and golf.
Amsterdam hosted the IX Olympic Games (1928).
Dutch architecture has had a significant impact on the
development of world architecture. In the 16th century, it was
significantly different from all known styles in Europe at that time. A
particular style was developed on the basis of the "stinginess and
moderation" inherent in Calvinism, which went against the pomp and
decoration in the French and Spanish courts. Representatives of Dutch
architecture of the 17th century were Lieven de Kay and Hendrik de
Keyser. The Late Renaissance (Renaissance) left its mark on the
development of Dutch architecture. The influence, which dawned at the
end of the 17th century, was so significant that the expression "Dutch
baroque" (Dutch classicism) was introduced into use. The facades of many
government buildings, banks and manufactories were finished in this
style. The most famous architects of this period were Jacob van Kampen
and Pieter Post.
The style of Dutch architecture of the 19th
century was dominated by classicism, as well as various trends (for
example, neo-Gothic). During this period, the construction of such
famous buildings as the Rijksmuseum, the University of Utrecht, and the
central station of Amsterdam falls. Prominent architects of this time
were Eugene Hugel and Petrus Kuipers. At the end of the 19th - beginning
of the 20th century, the transition of Dutch architecture from
classicism to modernity and constructivism took place. Petrus Barlahe, a
student of Petrus Kuipers, is rightfully considered the founder of
modern Netherlandish architecture.
Modern multi-apartment
residential buildings, the facades of which are located above the water
surface of the canals, are often equipped with premises below the water
level for car parking. Amsterdam has a block of floating private houses
with concrete, floating "foundations" that can be towed if necessary.
All communications are connected to such houses. Old houses often have
narrow, steep stairs. Such houses had a beam protruding from the roof
ridge to lift furniture to the upper floors through the window, and the
facades of such houses had a slope. The historical facades of such
houses have been preserved. Residents of provincial towns love to
decorate the yards and facades of their houses with elements of small
architectural forms, benches at the entrance doors, which creates a
special comfort in such settlements.