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The prison of Mamertina or Mamertine prison (Italian: Carcere
Mamertino), in ancient times Tullian, was a prison (carcer)
located in Komitiume in ancient Rome. It was located on the
northeastern slope of Capitol Hill, overlooking the Curia and
the imperial forum of Nerva, Vespasian and Augustus. Between the
Mamertine Prison and Tabularium (the recording house) was the
staircase leading to Arks Capitolin, known as the Hemon
Staircase. The church of San Giuseppe dei Falegnami is now above
the Mamertine prison.
According to tradition, the prison
was built around 640-616. BC by Ankus Marcius. It was originally
created as a cistern for a spring in the floor of the second
lower level. During Tullian, the former tank was dried to make
room for prisoners. It was connected with the main sewage system
of ancient Rome, therefore all bodies of executed people were
simply thrown into the sewers of the Eternal City. The bodies
were washed away without burial. It was here that the brave
Gallic leader Vercingetorix met his end in 52 BC after the
defeat and capture of them by Julius Caesar. Here the Apostle
Peter was also held as a prisoner for his religious beliefs. It
is said that he miraculously opened a spring in prison in which
he baptized prison guards. Peter's inverted cross is a reference
to the apostle Peter. The fact is that he was crucified upside
down on an inverted cross.
История
Согласно Ливию, Туллианум был построен
при Анко Марцио в седьмом веке до нашей эры. Название происходит от
tullus (источник воды), хотя некоторые считают, что оно происходит
от некоторых традиций, которые связывают его с инициативой Сервио
Туллио или Тулло Остилио.
Имена Кайо Вибио Руфино и Марко
Коччео Нерва, которые вмешались в памятник в год своего консульства
(22 г. н.э.), выгравированы на раме фасада ранней имперской эпохи.
Христианизация комплекса восходит к 8 веку, периоду, к которому
относятся следы фрески, найденной в Туллиане, и обе комнаты были
преобразованы в часовни. В этот же период это место стало называться
Мамертинской тюрьмой.
Сейчас это музей, и поэтому его можно
посетить.
Котировки
Туллианум цитируется многими античными
авторами настолько, что он является одним из немногих неоспоримых
краеугольных камней зданий на Форуме, который используется для
точной идентификации других близлежащих памятников благодаря
перекрестным ссылкам. Плиний Старший вспоминал о его расположении к
западу от Курии Гостилии. Из других источников известно, что он
находился, как и на Форуме, возле храма Конкордии.
Самое
известное описание принадлежит Гаю Саллюстио Криспо в De Catilinae
contiuratione. В своем отчете о заключении в тюрьму и казни бывшего
консула Лентуло, Четего, Статилиона, Габинио и Чепарио историк дает
краткое и точное описание этого места, все еще актуальное для этого
места в том виде, в каком оно появилось.
«В тюрьме есть место
под названием Туллиано, немного левее, уходящее наверх, уходящее под
землю примерно на 12 футов. Он закрыт со всех сторон прочными
стенами, а над ним — перекрытием, состоящим из каменного свода. Вид
его отталкивающий и пугающий из-за состояния заброшенности, темноты,
смрада».
«Est in carcere locus, quod Tullianum appellatur,
ubi paululum ascenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes humi
depressus. Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera
lapideis fornicibus iuncta; sed incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque
terribilis eius facies est"
Other descriptions can be found in:
Calpurnius Flaccus,
Declamations;
Plutarch, Life of Marius, 12;
Valerio Massimo, Book
of Memorable Facts and Sayings 9, 12, 6: The sharp and courageous end of
the life of Hereni Siculus, whom C. Gracchus had used both as a bully
and a friend; He collapsed in the doorway and breathed his last, one
step further from public execution and the executioner's hand;
Titus
Livius, Ab Urbe condita 1, 33, 8: With the great increase of affairs,
when in such a large number of people, confused by the right or wrong of
the decision, clandestine crimes were committed, a prison is built in
the middle of the city, threatening the market, to the terror of the
growing audacity.
The ancient level is accessed via a flight of stairs. The current
façade, in ashlar blocks of travertine, dates back to the beginning of
the imperial age and has a frame (partially original) with the engraved
names of the consuls Rufinio and Nerva. This facade covers an older one,
built in tuff blocks from Grotta Oscura.
From an opening perhaps
made in modern times, one enters a trapezoidal room covered by a barrel
vault, made in square work with large blocks of Monteverde and red
Aniene tuff, which is therefore datable to the 2nd century BC, when
these quarries were in use. The original entrance had to be through the
walled door placed at the highest level of the current floor, in the
right wall. This door also gave access to the lautumiae, rooms obtained
from the ancient tuff quarries also used as a prison.
A hole in
the floor, now closed by a grate, was the only external access to the
underlying environment, now reachable via a recent staircase. The lower
part was called Tullianum and was the most secret and terrible one.
However, on the east wall of the Tullianum there is an iron portal that
leads to other rooms, still little explored.
The Tullianum is a
semicircular-shaped room (except for a segment to the east) made in
square work with blocks of peperino without cement. The dimensions of
the masonry have suggested that originally it must have been a
monumental fountain built around a cistern (tullus), where the water
naturally filters today. According to Filippo Coarelli, however, it is
more likely that from the beginning the room was used as a prison. Here,
therefore, the condemned to death prisoners of the people and of the
Roman state were thrown and detained. The detention could be both short
- because the execution took place immediately after the great Roman
procession of triumph, as in the case of Jugurta, and long - as happened
to Vercingetorix, who spent six years in the Tullianum before being
beheaded.
Illustrious prisoners
There are many famous people
who have been locked up here and lost their lives there by strangulation
or beheading (however Plutarch claims that Giugurta died of starvation).
Erennium Siculus: friend of Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 123 BC
Gaius Sempronius Gracchus in 121 BC
Jugurta: king of Numidia in 104
BC According to the sources, he showed his courage to the executioners
by joking, saying: "How cold is this bath of yours, Romans!"
Lentulus
and Cetego: companions of Catiline in 63 BC
Vercingetorix: king of
the Gauls in 46 BC
Sejanus (and his sons): prefect of the praetorium
of Tiberius in 31 AD.
Simone di Giora: defender of Jerusalem (in 71
AD).
according to the Christian tradition, the apostles Peter and
Paul.
Tradition of Saints Peter and Paul
Christian hagiography
made the lower cell, made accessible by a very narrow staircase, and the
water source the place where the apostles Peter and Paul, imprisoned
there, are said to have baptized Christian converts who were cell mates.
Tradition allowed the preservation of the prison which was
transformed into a church (San Pietro in prison) and a place of
pilgrimage in 314 at the behest of Pope Sylvester I.
Legend also
has it that St. Peter, descending into the Tullianum, fell by beating
his head against the wall, thus leaving his own imprint in the stone
(since 1720 protected by a grate). Locked up in the dungeon, together
with other followers, the two apostles miraculously made a spring of
water spring up and they were able to convert and baptize the prison
guards, Process and Martiniano, martyrs themselves. In any case, the two
apostles were not executed in the vicinity because St. Peter was led to
the Vatican hill and San Paolo alle Acque Salvie (the present Abbey of
the Tre Fontane).