The Kostroma region is located in the northeastern part of Central
Russia.
Along with the Ivanovo region, it is a rather
inaccessible region of the central part of Russia, which most people
associate with cheese making and a developed jewelry industry. A
significant water artery, the Volga River, flows in a short section of
the territory along the southwestern edge of the region, and here is the
historical city of the Golden Ring - Kostroma, famous for the Ipatiev
Monastery and classicism in the building of the city. The rest of the
region is that still wilderness with small towns scattered among the
forests, each of which, however, has its own peculiarity: the baroque of
Nerekhta, the historical heritage of Galich, or, for example, the
balneological resort of Soligalich, may be of interest to the traveler.
It borders on the Vologda region in the north, in the south - on the
Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the west on the Yaroslavl
region, in the east on the Kirov region.
Administratively, the region is divided into 8 cities of regional
subordination and 24 districts.
Based on the terrain, the
following geographical areas can be distinguished:
Kostroma lowland -
in the west
Galich upland and Volga-Unzhenskaya lowland - in the
central part of the region
Northern Uvaly - in the northeast of the
region
Kostroma is the administrative
center of the region and the city of the Golden Ring
Buoy
Galich is an ancient Russian city, the center
of the historical Galich principality
Kologriv
Makariev
Nerekhta is a county town with well-preserved architecture of the 18th
century.
Soligalich - the settlement of
Sol-Galitskaya since 1335, churches and monasteries, a balneological
resort
Sudislavl is an urban-type settlement, a typical small town
with a history of the 19th century
Chukhloma
is a small town on the shores of Lake Chukhloma, in the vicinity of the
city is the family estate of the Lermontovs and Avraamiyev Gorodetsky
Monastery
Sharya is a major railway station on the Trans-Siberian
Krasnoe-on-Volga is a village 35 km south of Kostroma, a major center of jewelry production.
By train
From Moscow from the Yaroslavl railway station on the
branded train No. 148YA "Kostroma", travel time less than 7 hours
(night). Or on the Transsib trains following to Sharya, Khabarovsk and
Vladivostok.
From St. Petersburg from the Moscow railway station
train (trailer cars) St. Petersburg-Kostroma
The Kostroma region is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia. The length from north to south is 260 km, from southwest to northeast - 500 km. It borders in the north - with the Vologda region, in the south - with the Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the west - with the Yaroslavl region, in the east - with the Kirov region.
The climate is temperate continental with cold winters and warm
summers.
The climate of the region is temperate continental.
Average January temperatures range from −11.9°С in the southwest
(Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Krasnoe-on-Volga) to −14.0°С in the
northeast (Pavino, Bogovarovo, Vokhma); July from +17.0°С in the
northwest (Soligalich) to +18.5°С (Ostrovskoye, Kady, Sudislavl); April
from +2.0°С to +3.5°С; October from +1.5°С to +3.0°С. The average annual
temperature is from +1.5°C in the northeast (Bogovarovo) to +3.0°C in
the southwest (Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Krasnoe-on-Volga). The
absolute maximum air temperature is +37°С, the absolute minimum is −53°С
(Soligalich). Precipitation: from 530 mm/year in the northeast and north
(Bogovarovo, Vokhma, Soligalich) to 600 mm/year in the west (Bui), with
a maximum in summer and a minimum in winter. The amount of precipitation
prevails over evaporation. Vegetation period - 110-140 days. The total
temperatures of the growing season are from 1600°C to 1900°C. The
frost-free period lasts from 100 days in the north to 130 days in the
south. Snow cover lasts an average of 150-155 days. The average date for
the appearance of snow cover is the end of October, the average date for
the destruction of the snow cover is mid-April. The maximum thickness of
the snow cover reaches 55-80 cm in February-March. The average number of
sunny days per year is 124. In summer, the prevailing wind direction is
northwest, in winter - southwest. The average wind speed is 4.0 m/s.
The time of the beginning of freeze-up on the rivers is the
beginning of November, the opening time is the end of March - the
beginning of April. The ice thickness reaches 60 cm by the end of
winter. Ice drift lasts 3-6 days.
The region is located within a moraine-hilly, sometimes marshy plain. In the west - the Kostroma lowland, in the central part - the Galich-Chukhloma upland (height up to 292 m). Along the lower reaches of the river. Unzha - Unzhenskaya lowland. In the north is the Northern Uvaly Upland.
The territory of the Kostroma region is located on the northeastern
closure of the Moscow syneclise, the axis of which extends in the
latitudinal direction through the central part of the region along the
Galich-Sharya line.
Archean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and
Cenozoic formations are known within the region. The thickness of the
sedimentary cover reaches 2200–2900 m.
On the eroded surface of
pre-Quaternary deposits (Upper Permian, Lower Triassic, Middle and Upper
Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous) there is a complex of Quaternary
deposits, to which most of the explored deposits of building materials
are confined.
2632 rivers with a length of up to 10 km, 535 rivers with a length of more than 10 km, 22 rivers with a length of more than 100 km flow through the territory of the region. The most important rivers of the region are the Volga, as well as the rivers Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga included in its basin. The length of the Volga (section of the Gorky reservoir) in the region is 89 km. The largest lakes of the Kostroma region are Galich and Chukhloma. Water resources of surface water bodies are 50.7 km³.
The central part of the region from its southern border to the head of the river. Unzhi and r. The boundary is represented by clays, marls, silts and sands. In the river valleys (Unzha, Neya, and others) there are outcrops of phosphorites, oil shales, and clays. Dolomites and limestones occur close to the surface only in one very limited area - along the axis of the Soligalichskaya structure, which is a gently sloping, elongated from SW to NE. Deposits of carbonate rocks are confined to these deposits: Bedinskoye, Zayatskoye, Turovskoye. Clays of the Callovian-Kimergian stages are of practical interest for building industrial materials, which can be used in the production of mineral wool and coarse ceramics. Separate varieties of Hauterivian-Barremian clays, the most consistent in quality, suitable for the production of expanded clay. Low-micaceous Aptian sands in the Kostroma and Galich regions are suitable for use in molding production. Covering loams, which are the main raw material for the production of bricks, are of major importance for the building materials industry.
The forested area of the region is on average about 62%. The northern and northeastern regions are the richest in forests, where the forest cover reaches 72.5%. The tree species that determine the background of the region's vegetation cover are coniferous spruce and pine. Currently, in the forests of the region, coniferous species occupy 49.5% and deciduous - 50.5% of the forest stand. Of conifers, 27.2% are spruce and 22.3% are pine. Of hardwoods, 41.4% are birch, and 9.1% are aspen and other hardwoods. The flora of the Kostroma region currently contains 1759 plant species. There are also 94 introduced and 46 alien species. The flora of the Kostroma region includes 7 species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: 6 species of the orchid family and 1 species of lichen. To date, the number of studied vertebrates in the Kostroma region is 366 species, including mammals - 56, birds - 251, fish - 41, cyclostomes - 1, amphibians - 11, reptiles - 6. The world of insects has about 3 thousand species. On the territory of the Kostroma region, there are 21 species of vertebrates listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
The official heraldic symbols of the Kostroma region are the coat of
arms and the flag. The coat of arms was introduced by the Law of the
Kostroma Region of April 28, 2006 No. 13-4-ZKO "On the Coat of Arms of
the Kostroma Region", the flag - by the Law of the Kostroma Region of
April 28, 2006 No. 14-4-ZKO "On the Flag of the Kostroma Region"
(decisions were made by the Kostroma Regional Duma April 20, 2006)).
The symbolism of the coat of arms and flag is based on a golden
(yellow) ship decorated on the bow with an eagle's head and wings, with
seven rowers, with a pennant at the stern, with a sail and a flag with a
black double-headed eagle with imperial crowns, a scepter and an orb
(state emblem of the Russian Empire the time of Alexander III). The
image of the ship basically corresponds to the main element of the coat
of arms of the Kostroma province in 1878.
The first people settled in the region during the Mesolithic period,
which is dated for the Russian Plain to the 9th to the first half of the
6th millennium BC. Mesolithic sites are characterized by a thin cultural
layer with a weak saturation of finds, which indicates the short-term
habitation of human groups and the small number of populations at the
sites. Despite the relative scarcity of Mesolithic materials, they are
nevertheless confidently divided into different groups. Some sites
belong to the Butovo culture, some to the Ienevskaya. At the same time,
the originality of the complexes in the area of Galichskoye and
Chukhloma lakes, the upper reaches of Kostroma, which are similar to the
monuments of the Sukhona basin in the use of red flint, is noted. The
latter includes a Mesolithic complex at the multi-temporal Fyodorovskoye
settlement (site), where in 2008 the so-called "churingas" were found -
examples of the oldest graphics in the region. During the Neolithic
period, the Proto-Finno-Ugric Volosovo culture was formed on the basis
of the pit-comb ceramics cultures. At the turn of the 3rd-2nd millennia
BC, farmers-bearers of the Fatyanovo culture arrived here, who were
subsequently assimilated by the tribes of the Late Bronze Age - the
Abashevo and Podnyakovtsy. During the final Bronze Age, settlements of
one of the variants of the cultural and historical community of the
bearers of "textile" ("mesh") ceramics - the ancestors of the peoples of
the Baltic-Finnic and Volga-Finnic language groups - appeared on the
territory of the region. The transition to the beginning of the Early
Iron Age is associated with the migration of representatives of the
Comb-Corded Ware culture from the Ananyino cultural and historical
region to the Kostroma and Vetluga river basins, settling among the
population with mesh ceramics, on the basis of which a local version of
the Dyakovo cultural community was formed, the ancestors of the
so-called "Kostroma Meri". According to A. V. Novikov, the process of
interaction between the tribes - the ancestors of the modern Volga and
Perm Finns in the Kostroma Volga region continued during the 6th-3rd
centuries BC and ended with the assimilation of the population with
Corded and Comb-Corded Ware with the loss of the features characteristic
of it in the culture of local tribes. At the same time, it is precisely
the hybrid forms of ceramics that characterize the Early Iron Age in the
Kostroma River basin and the adjacent Volga coast in the 5th-3rd
centuries BC. It was in the Kostroma region that practically the only
unambiguous evidence of agricultural activity in the forested Volga
region in the early Iron Age was found - a ceramic vessel with grains of
soft wheat from excavations at the Minsk settlement. In the ditch of the
Gorodishche settlement in the right-bank part of modern Kostroma in
2009, the earliest (from the turn of our era) burial for the Dyakovo
community according to the inhumation rite was discovered, which was
probably of a ritual nature.
In the middle of the 1st millennium,
the Mari people settled in the Povetluzhye, including the southeast of
the Kostroma region. According to the author of the 19th century
literary hoax "The Vetluzhsky Chronicler", the capitals of the Mari
principalities of Yakshan and Shanga were located in the currently
existing settlements of Kazhirovo and Staro-Shangskoye. Nevertheless,
there is no medieval layer on the territory of the Staro-Shangskoye
settlement. In the village of Odoevskoye in the Sharyinsky district,
there was supposedly a Mari fortress called Bulaksy. Archaeological
research has established that the ancient Mari layer on the monument
dates back to the 3rd quarter of the 1st millennium. The monument is in
no way connected with the events described in the Vetluzhsky Chronicle.
The main part of the Kostroma region from the Kostroma River basin
to the Unzha River basin was inhabited by a Finnish-speaking population
in the 1st - early 2nd millennium. Some archaeologists, based on the
proximity of the material culture, identify it with the chronicle tribe
of Merya. However, A.E. Leontyev rightly points out the differences
between the population of the territories associated with the chronicle
Merya and other regions with a similar culture.
The two centers
of settlement of the early medieval population have been studied best:
1) on the Unzha River, the Popovskoye settlement and a cluster of
related monuments - inhabited by the Volga-Finnish population with clear
signs of active contacts with the Finno-Permian tribes.
2) sites
in the area of Lake Galich and the Veksa River, traditionally included
in the Galich group of the "Kostroma Merya". The center of the district
from the 9th century becomes the Unorozh settlement, which in the 10th
century turned into a trade and craft settlement with signs of a
proto-city. Judging by the abundance of imported items, a huge
percentage of beaver bones among the bone material, the settlement from
the 10th to the 11th century was the center of the fur trade on the
route connecting the Great Volga Trade Route with the Sukhona-Vychegda
River Route.
A lead seal with a trident was found in Unzha - the
family symbol of the Rurik dynasty, probably Prince Svyatoslav
Yaroslavich (Grand Prince of Kiev in 1073-1076). On a fragment of a
hanging act seal from Unzha on one side of which part of the inscription
"seal of Svyatoslav" is preserved, and on the other there is a fragment
of an image of a warrior with a shield.
In the Kostroma burial
mounds of the 12th-13th centuries, along with decorations that were
widespread in the northern Russian lands, there are also items of a
distinctly northwestern appearance.
The Kostroma Principality separated from Vladimir-Suzdal Rus around 1247, and was given to Vasily Yaroslavovich Kvashnya, the son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir. With the death of Vasily Yaroslavovich in 1277, who had no children and left no heirs, the lands of the principality, as ownerless, became part of the Vladimir Principality. Then, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Dmitry Alexandrovich ceded the lands of the Kostroma Principality to his brother Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky, who in turn gave this appanage to his nephew, the son of Dmitry Alexandrovich Ivan Dmitrievich, but soon Ivan Dmitrievich received Pereyaslavl-Zalessky as an appanage and the Kostroma Principality again went to Andrei Alexandrovich, and then in 1299, he transferred these lands to his son Boris. After the death of the latter in 1303, the son of Daniil of Moscow, Boris Danilovich, became the Prince of Kostroma in 1304. This ended the relative independence of the Kostroma Principality and later it became part of the lands of the Moscow princely house. The fourth Moscow birch bark letter, which mentions Kostroma, dates back to 1380-1400 (non-stratigraphic date - 1340s - 1370s): "We went, sir, to Kostroma."
Until the 15th century, there were two principalities on the
territory of the region - Kostroma and Galich. In the 15th century, the
Galich princes competed for primacy with the Moscow princes, but lost
this struggle. During the reign of the Muscovite Tsar, the Kostroma and
Galich districts were formed.
During the Time of Troubles, both
Kostroma and Galich were terribly devastated by Polish-Lithuanian
troops. The detachment of Pan Lisovsky was especially cruel. The feat of
Ivan Susanin in 1613 is associated with the outskirts of the village of
Molvitino. Before the turmoil had ended, a new disaster affected the
northwest of today's Kostroma region - the Cossacks and rabble rebelled,
deciding to profit from the lands not affected by the war. The rebel
detachments operated not only in Kostroma, but also in Vologda and
Yaroslavl lands, and they were pacified only by 1615.
The
beginning of the formation of the dialects of the Chukhloma Island to
the northeast of the main area of Central Russian dialects is
attributed to the 17th century. It occurred as a result of migrations of
the Russian population from the southern regions to the north and the
subsequent interdialect interaction of local archaic dialects and
migrant dialects.
In the middle of the 17th century, Kostroma was
the fourth most important posad of the Russian state. In a number of
sources, it is called the third largest, after Moscow and Yaroslavl,
Russian city of that time.
In the 17th century, V. V. Polozov was
born on the territory of the Kostroma region, whose "Petition to Tsar
Feodor Alekseevich" (1676) became a notable phenomenon of the pilgrimage
and adventure literature of the 17th century.
Voivodes and
governors of the Kostroma region
Governor of Pleshchy in 1375. Under
him, Kostroma was plundered by the Novgorodians. The voivode himself
fled.
Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya, voivode in 1378; participated in the
Battle of Kulikovo.
Zakhariy Yakovlev, voivode in 1518; he repelled
the invasion of the Kazan Tatars led by Arak into the Galich region.
Prince Semyon Ivanovich Trubetskoy, governor "in the city" in 1537.
Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, voivode in 1551.
Ivan
Sheremetev, voivode in 1612; did not allow Prince Pozharsky into
Kostroma and was removed by him for this.
Prince Roman Gagarin,
voivode who met the Moscow embassy and was present at the accession to
the throne of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov in 1613.
Prince Vasily
Vasilyevich Khilkov, steward (1616-1630) Prince Ivan Fedorovich
Shakhovskoy, voivode in 1636 Prince Andrei Fedorovich Deev, voivode in
1641 Yuri Mikhailovich Aksakov, voivode in 1652 Vasily Mikhailovich
Eropkin, voivode in 1 656 Andrey Bogdanovich Tushin, governor in 1677.
Grigory Andreevich Plemyannikov, governor in 1689. Andrey Alekseevich
Meshkov-Pleshcheev, governor in 1694, steward.
Ivan Burnakov, steward
and governor in 1708. Voevoda Strezhnev, 1721-1723; The first digital
school was opened under him.
Lyubiv Andreevich Griboyedov, colonel,
governor in 1723-1726.
Ivan Dmitrievich Kolchugin, colonel, governor
in 1727-1731.
Alexey Grigorievich Knilev, brigadier, 1731-1733.
Nikifor Vasilyevich Kolchugin, lieutenant colonel, 1733-1736.
Illarion Grigorievich Vorontsov, major, 1736-1738.
Luka Ivanovich
Ievlev, major, governor in 1738-1740.
Ivan Nikitich Bornovolokov,
major, 1740-1742.
Ivan Aleksandrovich Nashchokin, collegiate adviser,
since 1747. Alexander Ivanovich Kaisarov, collegiate adviser Ivan
Zherebtsov, 1764-1767.
Stepan Gavrilovich Malygin, brigadier, since
1767 Nikolai Andreevich Vyazemsky, last governor.
The territories of the present-day region were first separated from each other under Peter I: in 1708, when the country was divided into provinces, the Kostroma Province was created in the Moscow Province and the Galicia Province in the Arkhangelsk Province. In 1778, these two territories were united again as part of the Kostroma Viceroyalty, which was first combined with the Yaroslavl Viceroyalty, then with the Nizhny Novgorod Viceroyalty, and later with the Vladimir Viceroyalty into one Governorate-General.
In 1797, Paul I abolished the Vladimir and Kostroma
Governorates-General, and in place of the Kostroma Viceroyalty in 1796,
the Kostroma Province was created, which existed within unchanged
borders until 1917.
The transformation of Kostroma into a
provincial center accelerated its economic and cultural development,
despite the fact that in 1773 and 1779 the city was completely burned
out in fires. Since 1781, the city began to be built up according to a
general plan, which was based on a radial-concentric grid of streets
that converge on a large semicircular central square, open towards the
Volga.
The end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century is
rightly considered the heyday of cultural development (architecture,
painting, literature) not only of Kostroma, but also of district towns -
Galich, Nerekhta, Soligalich, Makaryev. Architectural ensembles in the
classical style still adorn the centers of these cities. Noble estates
became widespread, becoming centers of culture in the remote outskirts
of the province.
During this same period, the economic development of the province
left much to be desired. Thus, in 1770, there were 5 cloth manufactories
in Kostroma, in 1792, in addition to 22 linen factories, there were 78
more factory and plant establishments of various types in the Kostroma
province. By 1810, only 10 linen enterprises remained, and by the
beginning of the 1850s, only one manufactory of the merchant Kolodkin
survived.
The abolition of serfdom in 1861 led to the fact that
in the Kostroma province there began a rapid economic growth associated
with the development of the textile industry. By the beginning of the
20th century, the linen industry in the Kostroma province had already
moved to one of the first places among the provinces of European Russia.
In 1912, Kostroma province accounted for 22% of the fabric and 26% of
the yarn of the total production of linen factories in the country. The
province supplied a lot of fine and medium fabrics: Kostroma province
accounted for 40% of the total output of these fabrics in the country.
The rate of industrial development at the beginning of the 20th
century can be judged by the following figures: from 1901 to 1912, the
number of workers in the province increased by 58%, and the amount of
production - by 113%. According to the industrial census of 1918, in
1913 in Kostroma there were on average 478 workers per enterprise.
The growth and mechanization of the factory and plant industry were
accompanied by the concentration of production. In 1858, there were 553
factories and plants in Kostroma province, producing products worth 7.2
million rubles; In 1890, there were 296 enterprises in the province with
output of 27.1 million rubles; in 1908, the total output of enterprises
subject to factory inspection supervision alone reached 104 million
rubles.
In terms of production concentration, Kostroma province
stood out among other provinces in the country. With an average number
of workers per enterprise in European Russia of 104 people, in Kostroma
province there were 378 people; the volume of production per enterprise
was 209.8 and 460.3 thousand rubles, respectively. About 70% of all
workers in Kostroma province were concentrated in enterprises with a
thousand or more workers. In terms of the value of output per
enterprise, the province occupied fourth place in the country, and sixth
place per capita.
The largest and fastest growing enterprise was
the flax spinning and weaving factory of Tretyakov, Konshin and Kashin,
opened in December 1866 under the firm "T-vo Bolshaya Kostroma Flax
Manufactory". In 1867, it had 4,800 spindles and 22 looms, and by 1912 -
already 41.5 thousand spindles and 567 looms. The flax spinning mill of
the "T-va Bolshaya Kostroma Manufactory" was considered the first in the
world in terms of the number of spinning spindles, surpassing all the
flax spinning mills of Sweden, Holland and Denmark combined. The
Zaprudny flax spinning and weaving factory of the "T-va Kostroma Flax
Manufactory of the Zotov brothers" in the city of Kostroma", founded in
1859, with 2240 workers had thirteen steam engines and one oil engine.
The flax spinning mill of the Zotov factory exceeded all the flax
spinning mills in Italy in terms of the number of spindles. There was
the Opalikhinskaya flax spinning and weaving factory of Brunov in the
city of Kostroma with 260 workers; the Chernorechenskaya flax spinning
mill of Simonova with 132 workers; the flax spinning and weaving factory
of Bryukhanov in Nerekhta with 1407 workers; the paper weaving factory
of Savelyev and Kozhin in Nerekhta with 488 workers; the paper spinning
and weaving factory of the Belgian Anonymous Society in Kostroma with
1609 workers. In their structure, Kostroma factories were mainly
enterprises that manufactured products in finished form for the
consumer. 70% of the output of flax spinning factories went to local
weaving factories, 30% to Moscow and other places. Of the fabric
produced, 60% was sold in the south of Russia, 20% in the Volga region,
and 20% elsewhere. In addition to sales within the country, the linen
was widely sold in European markets.
By the beginning of the 20th
century, the linen industry in the Kostroma province had moved to one of
the first places among the provinces of European Russia. In 1912, the
Kostroma province accounted for 22% of the fabric and 26% of the yarn of
the entire production of linen factories in the country. The province
supplied a lot of thin and medium fabrics: of the total output of these
fabrics in the country, the Kostroma province accounted for 40%.
The development of waterways in the province contributed to the
growth of industry. In the 1850s, most of the largest joint-stock
steamship companies of the Volga River and its navigable tributaries
emerged. In the early 1860s, about 220 steamships sailed along the
rivers of the Volga basin. The Volga waterway, with the development of
steamship shipping, provided Kostroma manufacturers with cheap delivery
of raw materials from distant regions and sales of products to the
Nizhny Novgorod Fair, the Caucasus, Persia and other distant markets.
A characteristic feature of the development of the factory and plant
industry was the extremely uneven distribution of enterprises across the
territory of the province. The overwhelming majority of factories and
plants were concentrated in the southwestern districts of the province -
Kostroma and Nerekhta, Kineshemsky and Yuryevets. At the same time,
factories were located not only in cities, but also in factory villages.
In addition, industrial development was one-sided, mainly due to textile
production.
In 1887, the Nerekhta-Kostroma railway was built
through the province, and in 1906, the Northern Railway. Despite the
developed river transport infrastructure, there were no highways that
would connect remote settlements with each other and with the economic
centers. The provincial center of Kostroma itself was cut off from the
country's railway system: the railway was extended only to the right
bank of the Volga, while there was no bridge connection with the main
part of the city.
Along with the textile industry, woodworking developed quite quickly
in the Kostroma province. The first steam sawmill in the province,
Linev, was established in Kostroma in 1859. But until the end of the
19th century, manual labor prevailed in sawmilling. Two bobbin-turning
factories were engaged in mechanical processing of wood in the province
- in Kostroma and in Sudislavl, serving textile factories. Only by the
end of the 19th century, in connection with large-scale housing
construction in Kostroma, a number of factories for mechanical sawing of
timber arose. If in 1901 there were 9 such factories, then by 1912 their
number had increased threefold and reached 28.
The development of
the sawmill industry in the northern districts proceeded especially
quickly after the construction of the Vologda-Vyatka railway in 1906,
which made it possible to put into operation the enormous forest
resources of the north of the province, remote from the rafting rivers.
From 1901 to 1912, 15 sawmills were opened along this road. At the
stations of Neya, Brantovka, Manturovo, Sharya, at the intersections of
railway lines and rafting rivers - Kostroma, Neya, Unzha, Vetluga - new
sawmills appeared. All sawn timber was exported to the ports of the
Baltic Sea, from where it was transported abroad by steamships.
The development of industry basically did not change the agrarian
nature of the province's economy. According to the 1897 census, 79.5% of
the population in the province was engaged in agriculture.
In the
past, the Kostroma province had many estates of Moscow tsars and boyars,
and therefore a significant part of the territory was privately owned
land. On the eve of the reform of 1861, landowners owned two thirds of
all convenient land in the province. But large land holdings were mainly
associated with forestry, not field farming. Before the reform of 1861,
forest lands accounted for 72% of all land owned by landowners.
The area of arable land in the post-reform years has steadily
decreased. Compared to 1860, by 1912 it had decreased by 12%. Not all
fields were sown: wastelands and undersown areas, especially in winter
fields, averaged 11% of the total arable land area.
The structure
of sown areas in 1910 was characterized by the following data: rye
occupied 48.1%, oats - 30.4%, barley - 7.8%, flax - 5.1%, potatoes -
5.5%, other crops - 3.1%. In terms of crop yield, Kostroma province
occupied one of the last places among other provinces. The peasants had
enough of their own grain only until midwinter. Many peasants lived in
hunger. The gross income from agriculture was low. On average for
1911-1915, it was as follows for the province: per dessiatine - 50
rubles, per rural resident - 73 rubles. The main income was from crop
farming, including 15.8% - from flax, 10.9% - from potatoes.
Low-fertility lands and the risky nature of farming in the Kostroma
province were among the reasons that led to peasants leaving for work in
the cities. The sharp increase in leaving for work that emerged after
the fall of serfdom is indicated by the numbers of passports and tickets
issued to peasants: in 1857 - 96.2 thousand, in 1880 - 162.7 thousand,
in 1910 - 276.4 thousand. At the beginning of the 20th century, the
development of urban life in Russia increased the departure for various
construction industries. Industrial departure was directed primarily to
Moscow and St. Petersburg, then to Siberia and the lower provinces, and
finally to local factories and plants. According to the census conducted
in St. Petersburg in December 1864, there were 13,358 natives of the
Kostroma province among the residents, including 10,191 men and 3,167
women. Of the total population of the city, this was: men - 3%, women -
1%.
In the middle of the 19th century, peasant home production
and handicrafts continued to develop in the Kostroma province. In terms
of the absolute number of artisans, the Kostroma province was second
only to Moscow, Vyatka, Nizhny Novgorod and Ryazan.
The most
famous crafts of the Kostroma province are jewelry in the village of
Krasnoye and hat making in the village of Molvitino. The village of
Krasnoye is the center of the jewelry industry, which covered 4 volosts
and 51 villages (including the Sidorovskaya volost of the Nerekhta
district), in them - 735 households and about 1,706 workers. In 1912,
more than 5,000 people were engaged in the jewelry industry. The village
of Molvitino in the Buysky district was famous for its hat industry.
After 1861, the industry developed greatly: sewing machines came into
widespread use. In Molvitino, 10 workshops worked all year round, with
5-25 craftsmen and 1-5 craftswomen.
Kostroma province is the
birthplace of Russian cooperatives. The first cooperative, the
Rozhdestvenskoye Savings and Loan Partnership, was founded in 1865 in
the village of Rozhdestvenskoye in the Vetluzhsky district. Credit
partnerships were also organized in other districts. For 30 years,
credit associations were the only type of cooperative in the province.
The oldest of the Kostroma dairy cooperatives, the Sametskaya, was
organized in 1906. From 1910 to 1912, another 5 artels were formed. In
1909, the first cooperative potato mill in Russia was opened in the
village of Shunga.
Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century,
the Kostroma province was developing at a fairly rapid pace and was
gradually turning from an agrarian province into an agrarian-industrial
province with the dominance of the textile and timber industries with an
underdeveloped and backward agriculture, with a long tradition of
peasants going on seasonal work in other places.
The first educational institution in Kostroma, the "Tsifirnaya
School", was opened in 1722. Twenty-five years later, a theological
seminary was opened, and in 1788, an educational institution called the
"Main Public School", which laid the foundation for the Kostroma boys'
gymnasium (in 1804). In 1805, a district school was opened in Kostroma,
and in 1814, a parish school. In Galich, at the beginning of the 19th
century, a "small public school" was opened for the children of the
nobility, merchants and officials. In the middle of the 19th century, a
girls' gymnasium was opened in Kostroma.
According to the general
census of 1897, the literacy rate in the province was: men - 35.4%,
women - 8.9%. In 1894, the first lower chemical-technical school in
Russia was opened in Kostroma, built with private funds from F. V.
Chizhov. With funds bequeathed by F. V. Chizhov, a lower agricultural
technical school was opened in the village of Ekimtsevo, three
kilometers from Kologriv, and an agricultural vocational school in
Chukhloma. Thus, before the revolution, there were only three vocational
schools and no higher education institutions in the province.
After the October Revolution of 1917, the Kostroma Governorate became
part of the RSFSR formed in 1918.
During the First World War and
the Civil War, there were no active military operations on the territory
of the governorate. The change of power at the end of 1917 occurred
peacefully. During the Civil War and in the following years, new
authorities were formed, the administrative-territorial division of the
region was repeatedly changed.
The consequences of the civil war
had a detrimental effect on the socio-economic and political life of the
Kostroma Governorate. The gross output of Kostroma factories and plants
in 1921 compared to 1913 decreased by 70%, the number of workers
decreased by 30%. In the flax industry, which was the leading one in the
governorate, there were only 4.7 thousand workers (in 1913 - 15 thousand
people). At the 1st Republican Factory (formerly the Great Linen
Manufactory), their number decreased from 7 to 1,000 people, and at the
mechanical plant, out of 1,300 workers, only 450 remained. Due to a
shortage of fuel and raw materials, the factories operated only 6 months
a year, and were idle from May to October.
By 1917, there were 17
libraries in the city of Kostroma. The Kostroma province existed until
1917. The sown area and yield of grain crops decreased almost twofold
compared to pre-war levels. The total sown area in the province in 1920
decreased by 43% compared to 1917, including flax by 80%, barley by 62%,
potatoes by 50%, oats by 50%, and rye by 20%.
The revolution gave
workers and peasants broad access to education. On November 8, 1918, the
grand opening of the Kostroma Workers' and Peasants' State University
took place in memory of the October Revolution of 1917, where workers
and peasants were admitted without entrance exams. The university
initially included natural sciences, humanities, and forestry
departments, and later a pedagogical department and a department of the
medical faculty. In 1921, 3,333 students studied in all departments.
Most of the teachers came from Moscow. Following the university in
Kostroma, two more universities were opened in 1919 - the Institute of
Electromechanical and Chemical Industry and the Land Management
Institute, which trained engineering and agricultural personnel.
Due to the grave consequences of the civil war and the transition to the
new economic policy, which entailed a reduction in funding for
educational institutions, the People's Commissariat of Education in the
fall of 1921 decided to close or reorganize a number of young
universities. Kostroma University was divided into two higher education
institutions — a pedagogical institute (Institute of Public Education)
and an agricultural one. The pedagogical institute was reorganized into
a pedagogical technical school in 1923. By the second half of the 1920s,
seven technical schools remained out of the four higher education
institutions and three secondary specialized educational institutions
that operated in the province in the first years of Soviet power. From
1922 to 1923, the number of public education institutions in Kostroma
province decreased by almost 25%. In 1922, Varnavinsky and Vetluzhsky
districts were transferred to Nizhny Novgorod province. And on January
14, 1929, by the decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central
Executive Committee, Kostroma province was liquidated. Its territory
became part of the Kostroma district of the Ivanovo Industrial Region.
The population of the region according to Rosstat is 571,785 people
(2023). Population density - 9.50 people / km² (2023). Urban population
- 74.6% (2022).
More than 114 nationalities live on the territory
of the Kostroma region, the majority are Russians - 96.6%. The
working-age population is about 59.8%, younger than able-bodied - 15.7%,
older than able-bodied - 24.5% (as of January 1, 2011) The average age
of the population is 37.8 years.
The main legislative act, in accordance with which the system of
authorities of the region functions, is the Charter of the Kostroma
region.
The highest official of the region is the governor (head
of administration) of the Kostroma region, who, on the principles of
unity of command, forms and heads the administration of the Kostroma
region - the highest executive body of the region. In 1990-1996, Valery
Petrovich Arbuzov was the head of the regional administration. After the
defeat in the elections of the head of the regional administration in
December 1996, V.P. Arbuzov headed the Kostroma distillery.
In
December 1996 and in December 2000, Viktor Andreevich Shershunov was
elected governor (head of administration) twice in a row. In April 2005,
President of Russia V.V. Putin proposed his candidacy for a new
gubernatorial term. On May 11, 2005, the inauguration took place. Early
in the morning on September 20, 2007, V. A. Shershunov died in a car
accident in the Moscow region. On October 25, 2007, Slyunyaev Igor
Nikolayevich was appointed to the post of governor of the Kostroma
region, whose powers were terminated ahead of schedule. On April 13,
2012, Sergey Konstantinovich Sitnikov became the governor.
The
legislative body is the Kostroma Regional Duma. It currently consists of
35 deputies. Chairman of the Duma of I and II convocations in 1994-2000.
Andrei Ivanovich Bychkov was elected. In 2000, it was headed by Valery
Petrovich Izhitsky (KPRF). Following the results of the elections of
2005 and 2010 to the Duma of the IV and V convocations, A. I. Bychkov
was again elected its chairman.
On October 10, 2010, the
elections of deputies of the Kostroma Regional Duma of the fifth
convocation were held, in which 228,325 people took part, which is
40.29% of the number of voters included in the voter lists. All regional
lists of regional branches of political parties received more than 7% of
the votes of voters who took part in the voting, the regional branches
of political parties that nominated them will be represented in the
regional Duma.
The largest number of votes in the regional
electoral district was received by the Kostroma regional branch of the
United Russia party - 113,962 or 49.94% of the number of voters who took
part in the vote, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - 44,776
or 19.62%, " Liberal Democratic Party of Russia" - 33,043 or 14.48%,
"Fair Russia" - 28,912 or 12.67%.
The total volume of the gross regional product of the Kostroma region
for 2015 amounted to 157.7 billion rubles, according to this indicator,
the region ranks 18th in the Central Federal District.
The
location of the Kostroma region in the center of the European part of
the Russian Federation is a prerequisite for turning the region into a
center that provides interregional and international cooperation in a
number of aspects: economic, informational, transport, communication,
social, cultural and others. The main railway lines (connecting Moscow
with Vladivostok), waterways and motorways pass through its territory,
connecting the northwestern directions of the Russian Federation.
The Kostroma region belongs to the industrial and agricultural
regions. The traditional production orientation of the Kostroma region
is forestry and agriculture, electric power and mechanical engineering,
and the textile industry.
On the territory of the Kostroma region, there are ready-made sectoral territorial production complexes that have good competitive potential in the All-Russian, and in some areas - on an international scale. These complexes include: a jewelry center in the village. Red-on-Volga and Kostroma; the center of the chemical industry in Bue; machine-building complex in Kostroma, Galich; shipbuilding complex in Kostroma; meat and dairy complexes in the west and south of the region; timber and timber processing complexes in the east of the region. The enterprises of the region are leaders in Russia in the production of oil and gas and lifting equipment, parts of a cylinder-piston group, elements of a microprocessor-based engine control system, shipbuilding products, cotton yarn, linen and semi-linen fabrics, sawn timber, fibreboard (FB) and chipboard (PB), plywood , laminated floor and wall tiles.
As of the beginning of 2021, 4 thermal power plants with a total
capacity of 3815.8 MW were operated in the Kostroma Region. In 2020,
they produced 10,356 million kWh of electricity. A feature of the
region's energy sector is the sharp dominance of one power plant, the
Kostromskaya GRES, which accounts for more than 90% of the installed
capacity and electricity generation.
The Kostroma region belongs
to the energy-surplus territories of the Central Federal District.
Electricity consumption for own needs of the Kostroma region is about a
quarter of the generated electricity. Today, four thermal power plants
operate in the region: Kostromskaya GRES (state district power plant) in
Volgorechensk, CHPP-1 and CHPP-2 (thermal power plants) in Kostroma, and
Sharyinskaya CHPP.
Kostromskaya GRES is one of the largest
thermal power plants not only in Russia, but also in Europe. Here, for
the first time in the practice of world power engineering, a unit with a
capacity of 1.2 GW was installed. After the state district power plant
entered the design mode of operation, the total capacity of the regional
power plant increased almost five times and now stands at about 4 GW.
Kostromskaya GRES is considered the most economical, as more energy is
generated per unit of fuel consumption than at similar plants.
The total capacity of all power plants in the region is such that it
allows not only to meet its own needs, but also to supply electricity to
neighboring regions: receiving 14% of electricity from outside, the
Kostroma region supplies 80% to other regions.
In 1979, the
construction of the Kostroma NPP began in the Buysky district. The
project provided for the construction of two reactors, their type
changed several times. The first stage of the settlement of builders and
operators of Chistye Bory and a number of infrastructure facilities were
built 16 km south of the town of Buya. After the accident at the
Chernobyl nuclear power plant, construction was suspended, and in the
early 1990s it was completely frozen. In October 2008, the state
corporation Rosatom decided to resume construction on the basis of the
unfinished Kostroma NPP, but in 2011 the project was postponed
indefinitely.
A fundamental step in the development of the region is its
transformation into a major transit junction of highways. Work in market
conditions, instability of financing, restructuring of the industry have
become a serious test for the Kostroma road builders. But, despite all
the difficulties of the transition period, the road complex of the
region, the able-bodied, active team of road workers were preserved,
which gave positive results. The construction of a transport corridor of
inter-regional significance "St. Petersburg - Yekaterinburg" continues,
with the commissioning of which access to St. Petersburg and Western
European transport communications will be provided.
The
narrow-gauge railway of the Belnikovsky peat enterprise is located in
the village of Nomzha, Neisky district.
Gasification of the
Kostroma region is of global importance in the development of the region
and is of the most important social and industrial nature. The main task
at the present stage is the construction of the Bui-Sharya gas pipeline.
As of January 1, 2021, the rural population is 169,360 people, about
27% of the population of the Kostroma region.
The agro-industrial
complex of the region is concentrated mainly in the south-west of the
region. The traditional leaders of the region — the Kostroma and Galich
regions — account for about 60% of the total volume of agricultural
products sold. Climatic and natural-geographical conditions contribute
to the development of traditional branches of agriculture, primarily
meat and dairy farming, crop production of technical and industrial
crops.
The Kostroma breed is the first Soviet
breed of cattle, which was approved in 1944 by order No. 1121 of the
People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the USSR.
In the USSR,
six workers of the tribal state farm "Karavaevo" in the Kostroma region
were twice awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.
As of
November 1, 2021, the average milk productivity in agricultural
organizations is 5177 kg of milk per cow. In just ten months of 2021,
agricultural organizations and peasant (farm) enterprises produced 79
thousand tons of milk, of which 50.5% were produced by 10 agricultural
producers.
As of January 1, 2021, there were 47.8 thousand
(-4.6%) heads of cattle in farms of all categories, of which 21.5
thousand (-0.5%) heads of cows, 35.1 thousand ( +7.1%) pigs, 11.9
thousand (-10.6%) sheep and goats, 0.3 thousand (-5.2%) horses.
In 2021, the yields of domestic and foreign potato
varieties were compared in the Kostroma Region — 34 varieties of foreign
selection and 50 varieties of domestic potato selection were planted.
In 2021, the gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops amounted to
43.5 thousand tons of grain in bunker weight, with a yield of 14.9 q/ha.
The highest yields are in Kostroma - 29.7 c/ha, Galich - 18.2 c / ha,
Buysky - 15.3 c / ha, Nerekhtsky district - 13 c / ha. 37.3 thousand
hectares of grain crops and leguminous crops were harvested, of which
7.6 thousand hectares were harvested for fodder purposes, and 29.1
thousand hectares were harvested for grain.
In 2021, 31.9
thousand tons of potatoes were harvested in agricultural organizations
from an area of 1400 hectares. Potatoes are grown in 12 districts.
Leaders in the collection of farms in the Kostroma region: Mechta LLC
harvested 9.9 thousand tons from 290 hectares; LLC "Kostroma potato"
harvested 3.7 thousand tons from 120 hectares; LLC "Minskoye" with 83
hectares 2.5 thousand tons. The leaders in potato yield are the farms of
the Kostroma region with an average yield of 256.2 centners per hectare,
Krasnoselsky region 209 centners per hectare and Nerekhtsky region 175.1
centners per hectare.
In 2021, 8.2 thousand tons of vegetables
were harvested in agricultural organizations from an area of 368
hectares, of which: cabbage - 3.7 thousand tons; carrots - 2.4 thousand
tons; beets - 2.0 thousand tons; others - 0.2 thousand tons. The average
yield is 223.8 q/ha. High yields in Mechta LLC - 333.3 centners per
hectare (Kostroma district), Ershova Yu. S. Farm Farm - 200 centners per
hectare (Nerekhtsky District), CJSC Borovikovskoe Uchkhoz - 200 centners
per hectare, IP Nikolaeva L. V. - 200 c / ha and IP Yakovlev D. E. - 162
c / ha (Krasnoselsky district). The leader in terms of volume is the
Kostroma region with 5.8 thousand tons, in the Krasnoselsky region with
1.2 thousand tons, the Buysky region with 0.8 thousand tons and the
Nerekhtsky region with 0.4 thousand tons.
In 2021, 83 tons of
berries were harvested: cranberries, honeysuckle, raspberries,
strawberries and blueberries, which is 104% of the 2020 level. The main
producers of berry products are Krem LLC, IP K(F)X Tsareva D.A., IP
K(F)X Rakhimov N.M. and IP K(F)X Voronov M.A., who are representatives
of Kostroma, Sudislavsky and Buysky districts. LLC "Krem" in the
Kostroma region collected more than 25 tons of cranberries. In Buysky
district, 46.7 tons of garden strawberries were harvested from an area
of 10.8 hectares - the farmer received a grant for the development of a
family farm and bought machinery and equipment for tillage. A
businessman from the Kostroma district, using state support from
Agrostartup, equipped a greenhouse for growing strawberries on his farm.
In addition, at the initiative of the governor, those producing fruits
and berries are subsidized by planting perennial plantations, the cost
of technical modernization, the construction of storage facilities and
the introduction of land into circulation. It is thanks to such support
that a farmer in the Sudislavsky district grows honeysuckle on an area
of 12.5 hectares, another hectare is occupied by raspberries. In 2022,
the farmer plans to harvest 37.5 centners and 4 centners of berries,
respectively.
Sown areas of the main agricultural crops for the
2020 harvest: Forage crops 134.0 thousand ha, cereals 39.5 thousand ha,
potatoes 5.0 thousand ha, industrial crops 2.0 thousand ha.
The
gross harvest of grain and leguminous crops in 2020 amounted to 47.6
thousand tons of grain, of which 14.2 thousand tons of wheat, 10.9
thousand tons of barley. The average yield was 16.6 q/ha.
Currently, OAO Gazprom is implementing a gasification program in the region, which is designed until 2028, the total amount of the program from all sources will exceed $177 billion. Natural gas enters the region through gas pipelines: Gorky - Cherepovets, Gryazovets - the ring gas pipeline of the Moscow region. Now the cities of Kostroma, Nerekhta, Volgorechensk, Buy, Galich, as well as Kostroma, Nerekhtsky, Buysky, Krasnoselsky, Susaninsky, Galichsky and Sudislavsky municipal districts are provided with natural gas.
One of the leading and promising in the economy of the Kostroma
region is the timber industry.
The forest area of the Kostroma
region is 4.7 million hectares. of which 4.6 million hectares are on
forest fund lands. the forest cover of the region is 74.2%. The total
timber stock is 726 million m³. The State Forest Register as of January
1, 2012 provides the following data for the Kostroma Region: total
forests - 4632.4 thousand hectares, of which 4397.0 thousand hectares
are covered with forest vegetation. Protective forests - 638.8 thousand
hectares. Operational forests - 3993.6 thousand hectares. The average
stock of plantations per 1 hectare of forested land is 163 m³, including
169 m³ in coniferous lands, 158 m³ in softwoods.
The strategic
direction of development of the region's forestry complex is the
development of capacities for deep processing of wood in order to use
low-grade and hardwood, as well as secondary wood raw materials (wood
waste).
In the general structure of the industrial production of
the region, the products of the complex take the second place after the
electric power industry. The increase in efficiency in this sector is
due to the implementation, in fact, of a cluster approach to the
development of woodworking (Sharyinsky and Manturovsky districts of the
region), including the development of softwood pulping, MDF and OSB
boards, intensification of the use and reproduction of forests, road
construction, including logging.
The timber industry group of
goods forms about 70% of the region's exported products. The region has
long since moved from the export of roundwood to the export of processed
wood and finished products from it. Currently, high-quality plywood,
chipboard and fiberboard boards, furniture and furniture blanks, and
veneer are exported. Products of regional enterprises are mainly
exported to non-CIS countries.
In order to develop production,
the enterprises of the timber industry complex continue to work on the
implementation of investment projects, on expanding the range of
products.
Dynamically developing, the Kostroma region uses every opportunity to
establish and improve mutually beneficial relations with other regions
of the country and foreign partners. In 2011, foreign trade turnover
amounted to $595.6 million, 21.2% more than in the same period last
year), including exports - $208.9 million (by 15.2%), imports - $386.7
million (by 24.7%). The trade balance was negative - $177.8 million.
In the current year, there has been a decrease in foreign trade
turnover. In January-June 2012, it amounted to $257.4 million, which is
7% lower than the corresponding period last year, including exports -
$98.1 million (a decrease of 6.1%), imports - $159.3 million (decrease
by 7.5%). The trade balance was negative - $61.2 million.
The
foreign economic activity of enterprises and organizations of the region
is carried out with 66 countries, including 9 countries of the CIS and
57 countries of the far abroad. The main partners of the Kostroma region
are: the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Ireland, China, Germany, Ukraine,
Italy, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Latvia, Turkey, USA, Poland, Great
Britain, France, Egypt.
The basis of the export of the region is
the timber group of goods, more than 70%. The largest exporters are OJSC
Fanplit, OJSC Manturovsky Plywood Mill, OJSC Kronostar. In the structure
of exports, metals and metal products account for 8.9%, linen fabrics -
1.8%, curtains - 2.2%.
The structure of imports is dominated by
medicines (more than 50%), machinery and equipment (about 30%). The
largest participants in foreign economic activity in import operations
are CJSC Astellas Pharma, CJSC Kostroma Automotive Components Plant,
CJSC Mezhregiontorginvest.
Most of the institutions of higher and secondary vocational education
are located in the city of Kostroma: three state civilian universities,
a military academy, a theological seminary, branches and representative
offices of state and non-state universities, 8 secondary vocational
schools. In the district centers there are: an agricultural technical
school and an art school in Bui, an agricultural technical school, an
industrial college, a pedagogical college in Galich, a polytechnical
technical school and a medical school in the city of Nerekhta, an
agricultural technical school, a medical college, a pedagogical college,
a polytechnical technical school in Sharya, as well as institutions
primary vocational education (lyceums and colleges).
Since April
1, 2010, the Kostroma Region has been participating in an experiment in
teaching the course "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular
Ethics" (includes "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture", "Fundamentals of
Islamic Culture", "Fundamentals of Buddhist Culture", "Fundamentals of
Jewish Culture", "Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures”, and
“Fundamentals of Secular Ethics”). Every year since 2009, the youth
educational forum “Patriot” has been held. In the summer, the tent camp
spreads on the banks of the Volga, 40 km from Kostroma, winter shifts
are held at the Lunyovo recreation center.
In 2011, the real cash income of the region's population increased by
2.7% compared to 2010. Monetary income per capita amounted to 14628.9
rubles, exceeding the level of 2010 by 12.2%.
In January-June
2012, real cash incomes of the population of the region increased by
9.5% compared to the same period last year. Monetary income per capita
amounted to 15,183 rubles, which is 13.8% higher than the corresponding
period in 2011.
Thanks to the decisions taken to increase wages
for public sector employees, to activate the real sector of the economy,
the nominal accrued average monthly wage in 2011 in the Kostroma Region
increased by 10.1% compared to 2010 and amounted to 14,890.5 rubles, in
January - May 2012 - by 14.1% compared to the corresponding period last
year and amounted to 16,143.1 rubles.
The number of registered
unemployed citizens as of January 1, 2012 is 4,012 people, the
registered unemployment rate is 1.1%, the coefficient of tension in the
labor market of the region is 1.0 people per one vacancy declared in the
employment service.
During January-June 2012, the number of
registered unemployed citizens decreased by 254 people and as of July 1,
2012 amounted to 3758 people. The level of registered unemployment was
1.03%. As of July 1, 2012, the coefficient of tension in the labor
market of the region amounted to 0.5 people per one vacancy declared in
the employment service, which is 0.5 percentage points less than at the
beginning of the year.
Medical assistance to the population of the Kostroma region is
provided by a network of health care institutions of three levels:
district, interdistrict and regional.
Since January 1, 2012, 5
medical districts have been created in the region to provide medical
care to the population at the inter-district (specialized
inter-municipal) level. The structure of the network includes 67
healthcare institutions, including 2 institutions of federal
subordination (FGUZ "Kostroma psychiatric hospital of a special type
with intensive supervision of the Ministry of Health of the Russian
Federation", FGUZ "Disinfection station in Kostroma").
The
existing system of medical care in the Kostroma region includes 4
stages:
the 1st stage is pre-medical - 330 FAPs and FPs are provided,
which are deployed in 24 municipalities;
2nd stage - primary medical
outpatient care provided by 83 outpatient departments of health care
institutions;
Stage 3 - primary inpatient medical care is provided by
33 hospital medical institutions (of which: district - 5, city - 3,
district - 19, district hospitals - 5, maternity hospital - 1);
Stage
4 - specialized medical care is provided by 25 regional state health
care institutions.
According to the results of 2011, there are 15
offices of general practitioners in the region. To provide emergency and
urgent medical care to the population, there is an ambulance station in
the city of Kostroma and 23 departments of district and city hospitals.
Sanitary aviation medical care is provided by the air ambulance
department of the OGBUZ "Kostroma Regional Hospital". Since 2010,
medical examinations have been carried out for orphans and children in
difficult life situations in stationary conditions. There are 3 Health
Centers in the region, one of them is for children.
A system of social protection of the population, guardianship and guardianship has been formed in the region. It includes: the department of social protection of the population, guardianship and guardianship of the Kostroma region, 9 territorial bodies, 26 comprehensive centers for social services for the population, 15 social rehabilitation centers for minors, 7 orphanages, 2 out-of-town health centers for recreation and rehabilitation of children, 12 houses - boarding schools, the regional rehabilitation center for children and adolescents with disabilities "Forest Fairy Tale", the Romanovsky Rehabilitation Center for the Disabled in the Kostroma Region, the Kostroma Regional Center for Assistance to Families and Children of the OGKU "Center for Social Payments". In the total volume of expenditures of the regional budget for 2012, expenditures on social protection will amount to 18.3%.
The measures taken to stimulate the birth rate, prevent and treat diseases, improve the system of health care, motherhood and childhood, strengthen the material and technical base of the region's medical institutions contribute to slowing down the rate of natural decline in the population of the Kostroma region. The Kostroma Region maintains a leading position in the Central Federal District in terms of fertility. In 2011, the birth rate was 12.3 births per 1,000 population (January-May 2012 - 12.4), the death rate was 16.6 ppm (January-May 2012 - 16.7).
Born in the region
Kress, Viktor Melkhiorovich (born 1948) —
Russian politician, Governor of Tomsk Oblast (1991-2012), member of the
Federation Council (since 2012).
Olyunina, Alevtina Sergeevna (born
1942) — Soviet skier, Olympic champion (1972), 2-time world champion,
9-time USSR champion, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1970)
Smirnov, Dmitry Ivanovich (1901-1975) — Soviet military figure,
Lieutenant General (1945). Hero of the Soviet Union.
Shantsev, Valery
Pavlinovich (born 1947) — Russian politician, Governor of Nizhny
Novgorod Oblast, former Vice-Mayor of Moscow (1996-2005).
Yartsev,
Georgy Aleksandrovich (1948 - 2022) - Soviet football player, Soviet and
Russian football coach.
Snegurochka - the granddaughter of Father
Frost, helps deliver gifts