Magnitogorsk is a city in the Chelyabinsk region, forms the city district of the same name. A large cultural and business center of the South Urals, one of the world's largest centers of ferrous metallurgy. The sixth largest city that is not the center of the subjects of the federation.
It arose in 1929 as a settlement during the construction of a metallurgical plant near Magnitnaya Mountain, on the site of the Magnitnaya Cossack village founded in the 18th century. Since 1931 - the city of Magnitogorsk. The name of the mountain (and, accordingly, the village) is based on the rich reserves of magnetic iron ore.
The location on the Ural River means that
Magnitogorsk has right and left, that is, European and Asian sides,
which differ significantly from each other. On the right (European)
bank there are residential quarters, on the left (Asian) - an
endless industrial zone, and again residential quarters, but already
of a more chaotic look.
The European side stretches along the
river and forms a rectangle with a length of 10 km and a width of at
least 3 km. The main highways are Lenin Avenue, Karl Marx Avenue and
Sovetskaya Street running from north to south. They seem to be
endless, do not even try to go through them from end to end (and,
frankly, there are not many interesting things). The first two at
some point intersect with Metallurgov Avenue - this is the city
center, where the main attractions are located.
The Ural
River forms a reservoir in Magnitogorsk. Four bridges are thrown
across it, known as the northern, central and southern bridge
crossings, as well as the Cossack crossing. The central one begins
directly in the center and runs into the plant. The southern leads
to the southern edge of the industrial zone, from where the road
continues to the Sotsgorod region and to one of the viewing
platforms. Apart from them, there are not so many interesting things
on the Asian side, since you will not be allowed into the territory
of the plant anyway. Lovers of industrial landscapes can take a tram
along Kirov Street, which goes around the plant.
the Russian Empire
In 1740, the foreman of the Kubeliak volost
of the Nogai road, Tarkhan Baim Kidraev, showed the foreman Markov
and the translator Roman Urazlin an iron ore deposit on Mount Atach,
on the left bank of the Yaik River. The Bashkirs called the magnetic
mountain Atach (Bashkir Әtәs), it seems that its ore was used for a
long time. The test gave an excellent result: from 100 pounds of
"magnetic stones", the ore received 75 pounds of iron. Subsequently,
this mountain, called Magnetic, became famous during the years of
Soviet power.
In 1743, the Magnitnaya fortress was founded on
the right bank of the Yaik River. In 1752, the breeder I. B.
Tverdyshev and his son-in-law I. S. Myasnikov, taking advantage of
the fact that Magnitnaya Mountain was not registered in anyone's
property, secured it to themselves. In 1759, ore mining for the
Beloretsk plant began.
In April 1774, Pugachev's army daily
tried to attack the Magnetic Fortress, and as a result, on May 6,
occupied it after a two-day assault. After the suppression of the
uprising, Catherine II ordered to rename Yaik Ural "in order to
consign everything that happened to oblivion."
The period of
the formation of Soviet power
In 1920, survey and design work
began on the construction of the railway. On behalf of the Supreme
Council of the National Economy, the Siberian Society of Engineers
in Tomsk developed the Ural-Kuznetsk project under the leadership of
Professor N.V. Gutovsky. It was planned to create four metallurgical
plants: at Magnitnaya Mountain.
USSR
In 1923, in
accordance with the decree of the Central Committee of the RCP (b)
and the 3rd session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
in November, the Ural Region was formed. In Sverdlovsk, the design
of the Magnitogorsk plant was carried out. Research and geological
work were carried out on Magnitnaya Gora under the guidance of
Professor A. N. Zavaritsky. The work lasted two years; geologists
drilled 51 wells. The Presidium of the Ural Regional Council of
National Economy approved the construction site for the plant: a
site near Magnitnaya Mountain. More than 800 foreign specialists
from the USA, Germany, England, Italy and Austria worked on the
construction of the famous "Magnitka" (Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel
Works), under the leadership of the American company Arthur McKee.
The Americans had to prepare construction, technological projects
with a full description of equipment, machine tools and mechanisms.
The prototype of the plant was the U.S. steel mill. Steel
Corporation, in Gary, Indiana, USA.
Suppliers and contractors
of Magnitogorsk were:
the American Clearing Mach Corp., which
designed and supplied major structural parts, including the 8
largest furnaces;
German specialists from AEG installed the
central power plant, they also supplied the most powerful
50-megawatt turbine with a generator at that time;
German Krupp &
Reismann set up refractory production in Magnitogorsk
the British
Traylor was engaged in mining.
In January 1929, the Council
of People's Commissars of the USSR and the STO at a joint meeting
decided to start the construction of the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical
Plant. In March, the first builders arrived at Magnitnaya Gora: a
team of carpenters headed by Dmitry Brusov. On June 30, 1929, the
first train arrived at the Magnitogorskaya station on the new
railway line. This date is considered to be the birthday of
Magnitogorsk.
On January 1, 1930, the first issue of the
newspaper "Magnitogorsk Rabochy" was published. In April, a
commission of representatives from Magnitostroi, Stalstroy and
Vodokanalstroy made a decision on "the possibility of building the
city of Magnitogorsk on the right bank of the Ural River." Quite a
long time passed from the "decision on the possibility of
construction" to construction (construction on the right bank began
only in 1936), and in the meantime, a district of the city, which
was given the name of the Socialist City, was being built on the
left bank. In everyday speech, this name was shortened to Sotsgorod.
By December 1931, over 40 thousand people were employed in the
construction.
In 1931, the Civil Engineering Institute was
opened - a branch of the Ural Construction Institute. In May, 113
metallurgical students were already studying here.
In 1932,
the first blast furnace produced cast iron in Magnitka, the first
school, a pedagogical institute, a cinema, a theater, and an
aeroclub were opened. In July 1933, open-hearth furnace No. 1
produced the first steel, in August 1934 mill 500, the first at
Magnitka, was launched. On January 18, 1936, the first tram line
Shchitovye - plant management was opened, the first capital building
was laid on the right bank. In April 1937, the bottom locks on the
dam No. 2 were closed; when the reservoir was filled, the first dam
and most of the Magnitnaya village disappeared under water. In
1934-1936 Magnitogorsk was the center of the Magnitogorsk District
of the Chelyabinsk Region.
By 1939, the population of Magnitogorsk was 146 thousand people,
a music school was opened.
The Great Patriotic War
On the
eve of the war, MMK was an enterprise with a complete metallurgical
cycle. The share of metal products produced by the metallurgical
plant in 1940 compared to the all-Union was for cast iron: 8.7%, for
steel: 11.2%, rolled products: 10.9%, respectively. However, almost
90% of the metal produced at the plant was made up of ordinary
carbon steel grades.
After the outbreak of hostilities, it
became necessary to accept and master on its territory the equipment
of factories evacuated from the front-line areas, and this is no
less than 34 enterprises. During the war, MMK found a residence
permit:
Dneprovsk Metallurgical Plant named after
F.E.Dzerzhinsky,
Dnepropetrovsk Coke Plant,
plant
"Zaporizhstal",
refractory and coke plant in Zaporozhye,
Yenakiyevo Coke Plant,
Novo-Tula Metallurgical Plant,
Alchevsk
Metallurgical Plant,
Makeevka Metallurgical Plant,
plant
"Azovstal",
Moscow factories "Hammer and Sickle", "Proletarsky
Trud", "Elektrostal",
Khartsyzsk Metallurgical Plant,
Leningrad Steel Rolling Plant,
Kharkov turbine generator plant,
Krivgress and other factories. The plant was rapidly increasing its
capacity
During this period, an ore-dressing plant, two
sintering machines, four coke oven batteries, two blast furnaces,
five open-hearth furnaces, 4500 plate mill, 2350 middle plate mill,
workshop T, shaped-roll-steel shop, steam-blowing station No. 2,
were built and put into operation. special workshop.
The
history of the development of the production of armored steel
deserves special attention. Before the war, the combine produced
mainly ordinary grades of metal. Quality steels accounted for only
12 percent of total production. It was necessary to master the
production of special high-quality armor steels.
Armored
steel before the war was produced mainly in southern factories. It
was cooked in small ovens with a special, so-called "sour" hearth.
In Magnitogorsk there was not a single such furnace, and most
importantly, there were no specialists who could work with this
technology. Along with the development of technology for the
production of armor, it was necessary to organize the training of
steelmakers.
A special bureau began to develop a technology
for the production of armored steel. A great contribution to this
business was made by the director of the plant G. I. Nosov,
engineers V. A. Smirnov, E. I. Levin, N. G. Vergazov, foreman M. M.
Khilko, steelmaker D. P. Zhukov. It was decided to smelt the armor
steel using the so-called duplex process, that is, to cook it first
in furnaces with a main hearth, and then bring it in furnaces with a
sour hearth. On July 23, 1941, the 185-ton open-hearth furnace No.
3, converted into a "sour" one, produced the first melting of armor
steel. But the production of armor steel was only half the battle -
the front needed an armor plate. Before the war, the plant did not
roll sheets at all - there were no corresponding rolling mills.
By the decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union
Communist Party (Bolsheviks), the most powerful plate armor rolling
mill in the USSR was relocated to Magnitogorsk from the Mariupol
Ilyich Plant. In the absence of a special workshop and lack of time
for its construction, it was decided to place it on a blooming mill.
It was not just a bold, but a stunning decision, some were inclined
to consider it a gamble, predicting major equipment breakdowns.
However, the deputy chief mechanic of the plant N.A. Ryzhenko said:
This is the Uralmash mill. Its safety margin is sufficient, and its
technical characteristics allow it to roll a thick sheet of the most
resistant steel grades. You just need to redo something, organize
the cleaning of the finished sheet.
The bold proposal was
approved by the People's Commissar of Ferrous Metallurgy I. F.
Tevosyan, although he warned the heads of the combine that in case
of failure, all responsibility would fall on them.
Hard work
and creative search were crowned with success. On July 28, 1941, the
first armor plate was rolled. The front received the Magnitogorsk
armor one and a half months ahead of the deadline set by the
government. For this scientific and labor feat, 14 workers of the
plant were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union.
In
addition to armor steel, the production of shell, disk, automatic,
helmet, ball-bearing, shell-armor-piercing, barrel and many other
high-quality steels for military purposes was debugged in the
shortest possible time. And in 1945, MMK already produced 83% of
high-quality steels.
By the assortment of projectile metal
produced at Magnitka during the war, it was possible to judge in
advance the expected nature of hostilities and, especially, about
the transition from defensive to offensive operations at the front.
In the difficult days for the country in 1942, when the enemy
stood at the walls of Stalingrad and furiously rushed to the
Caucasus, the metallurgical plant was instructed to master the
rolling of a track strip for tanks. To organize the production of
such a strip, mill 300-2 was used. On mill 500, the production of a
figured profile - a bandage for tanks, which was previously stamped
at tank-building plants - was started. New profiles mastered at the
plant opened up great opportunities for tank builders to accelerate
the production of combat vehicles. They made it possible to free
hundreds of planers, revolvers, lathes and other equipment and
significantly reduce the volume of electric welding. Saving metal in
the manufacture of one tank was almost 2 tons.
In the midst
of the Battle of Kursk (summer 1943), MMK received the GKO task to
double the production of shell metal as soon as possible. Shell
billets of large sections were mastered on the 720 continuous billet
mill.
Along with blast furnaces, steel smelters and
distributors, miners and coke oven workers worked. During the war
years, miners gave 28 million 399.3 thousand tons of ore to
Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk. No wonder the Magnetic Mountain was
popularly called the "grave of Hitler". Koksoviki supplied 12
million 541.9 thousand tons of coke and gas to the plant, supplied
other plants, and produced various defense products.
The
power engineers of the plant uninterruptedly supplied electricity
not only to Magnitogorsk, but also to other factories and cities of
the South Urals. The production of oxygen has increased tenfold, and
the production of other important products has increased. In the
shops of the chief mechanic, the production of various products for
the front was established, for the restoration of the equipment of
the evacuated factories in a new place. The casters, using small
open-hearth furnaces, organized the casting of armored steel towers
for tanks, armored caps for pillboxes.
During the war, 70% of
the plant's staff consisted of new workers who had recently come to
the plant. The war erased the concept of male and female
professions. The mastery of men's professions by women can only be
compared with selflessness at the front. Women have never worked in
open-hearth workshops or stone refractory works. In October 1941,
women's brigades were created in the open-hearth workshops.
Refractory workers Manyakhina, Karnaukhova, Ilyina, Spirin
systematically fulfilled the norms by 200%, achieved such a quality
of work that steel ladles withstood 10-11 heats, whereas before they
were changed after 4-5 heats. Only men have always worked in the
leading sections of the CES. The tradition was violated by the women
of Smirnova and Petrovskaya. Magnitogorochki began to master the
specialties of stokers, turbine drivers.
In 1942, a
calibration plant was commissioned, which became the largest
enterprise in the hardware industry. The first calibrated steel was
issued on 6 August. At the site, which began to be built even before
the war, the MMK motor depot was equipped with equipment from the
evacuated hardware factories from Dnepropetrovsk and Solnechnogorsk.
So, life was given to a hardware-metallurgical plant. Even such
large enterprises in the United States of America as the Gerry,
South Chicago, Lokavanna metallurgical plants did not know such a
pace of construction.
A real feat was the mastery by women of
the profession of hatchways at the coke oven: unbearable heat near
the hatches, coke dust, acrid smoke. The first was Olga Lopatina,
Shcheglova followed her example, Khabarova and Kobzeva were the
assistants of the hatchways. There were not many women cutters at
the combine. Anna Zhavoronkova, a pioneer in mastering this
profession. On other shifts, she managed to cut down 109 tons of
metal instead of 14 at the norm. Women also worked in command posts.
Women's brigades, sections and even workshops appeared.
A
constant source of replenishment of the plant's collective during
the war years were vocational schools and schools of the FZO. In May
1941, trade school No. 13 was created. In 1942, about a thousand of
its students worked independently, servicing a blast furnace, 10
open-hearth furnaces, whole shifts of the gas and medium-sheet
shops. In October, there were 311 Stakhanovites among the pupils of
the school who worked at the combine. For the good maintenance of
the units and the issue of metal for the needs of the front, the
main department of labor reserves and the drug dealership awarded
the badge "Excellent worker in socialist competition" to more than a
hundred students and employees of the school. In the same year, the
school was awarded the title "The best vocational school in the
Soviet Union" and was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the State
Defense Committee. Hundreds of qualified personnel were trained by
other schools and schools of the FZO. For example, school FZO No. 1
graduated in January 1942 about 600 skilled construction workers.
For valiant work during the Great Patriotic War, over 2,000
residents of Magnitogorsk were awarded orders and medals of the
USSR, 12 people were awarded a state prize.
Among them:
G. I. Nosov - director of MMK from 1939 to 1951,
K.I.Burtsev - deputy. chief engineer,
N.A. Ryzhenko - deputy.
chief mechanic,
V.P. Kozhevnikov - the main distributor of the
plant from 1939 to 1962,
G. V. Saveliev - head of blooming No. 3,
E. I. Dikshtein - head of the open-hearth shop No. 2,
FD Voronov
- head of open-hearth furnace No. 3,
V. E. Dymshits - manager of
the Magnitostroy trust.
On the eve of the celebration of the
70th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (2015), the
city was awarded the honorary title “City of Labor Valor and Glory”.
During the war years in the city there was a Magnitogorsk camp
No. 527 of the UNKVD in the Chelyabinsk region for internees of
prisoners of war of the foreign army and a special hospital No. 5921
for the treatment of seriously wounded prisoners of war.
Post-war period
1940s
After the war, MMK continued to be the
flagship of the domestic ferrous metallurgy. Steel production grew
at a rapid pace. New units were put into operation almost every
year. In addition, the post-war Magnitka has securely secured the
status of a trendsetter not only in domestic, but also, often, in
the world ferrous metallurgy.
The importance of the city is
evidenced by the fact that Magnitogorsk was included in the number
of 20 cities of the USSR subject to atomic bombing, according to one
of the first plans for a war against the USSR (Plan "Totality")
developed in the USA already in 1945.
In 1946, a spring drift
of ice brought down a wooden bridge to the right bank, and the
construction of the Central Passage began. The formation of the main
right-bank highways began: Stalin Avenue, Lenin Avenue and
Stalingradskaya Street (now Lenin Avenue, Karl Marx Avenue and
Sovetskaya Street, respectively).
In December 1948, a tram
line was laid through the Central Passage.
In April 1949, a
team of fitters from the Magnitostroy trust left for the
construction of high-rise buildings in Moscow.
In 1947, the
Council of Ministers of the RSFSR approved the general plan of
Magnitogorsk. Its authors were architects M. Bely, A. Dubinin, Yu.
Kilovatov, M. Morozov, A. Sorokin, M. Sokolov, A. Tiderman and the
chief architect of the city M. Dudin.
1950s
In the 1950s,
Magnitogorsk experienced rapid growth. The first large-panel
building in the city and in the USSR was built (Karl Marx Avenue,
former Mira Street and Lenin Avenue, 32). The Mamin-Sibiryak Palace
of Culture of Builders was opened. A cement plant, three schools,
five kindergartens, a bakery, new buildings of a city hospital, a
polyclinic have been erected, a Komsomolets cinema has been opened
on Metallurgov Avenue. The construction of a meat processing plant
was completed. In 1956, construction began on the building of the
MGMI (Future Magnitogorsk State Technical University). The Southern
Passage was built according to the project of the
Giprokommundortrans Institute and Magnitogorsk Gipromez. The
builders have finished the last works in the pioneer camp "Abzakovo"
for 500 places. By the end of the decade, the population of
Magnitogorsk was 311 thousand people.
1960s
The systematic
development of the city continued. In 1963, gas came to Magnitogorsk
from the Bukhara-Ural gas pipeline, 12,000 apartments were supplied
with gas, and the transfer of CHP boilers to natural gas began. The
Northern Passage across the Ural River was erected according to the
project of the Promtransproekt Institute (Moscow),
On May 9,
1966, a monument-ensemble "First tent" was opened. Authors of the
work: Honored Artist of the RSFSR, sculptor Lev Golovnitsky,
architect Yevgeny Alexandrov. This monument is the only one in
Magnitogorsk, which is included in the list of objects of historical
and cultural heritage of federal (all-Russian) significance (Decree
of the President of the Russian Federation of 05.05.97 No. 452)
Four new large-circulation newspapers began to appear in
Magnitogorsk - "Calibrovshchik", "Metiznik", "Pedagogue" and
"Znamya". Residents of Magnitogorsk subscribed to 461 thousand
copies of newspapers and magazines, there are almost 1300 newspapers
and magazines for every thousand of the population.
June 30,
1969 Magnitogorsk celebrated its 40th anniversary. Population - 365
thousand people. Residential fund - 2 million 800 thousand square
meters. 8 thousand students study at the Magnitogorsk Mining and
Metallurgical Institute, 4 thousand at the Pedagogical Institute.
There were 8 secondary specialized educational institutions, 15
vocational schools, 92 schools of public education, a new drama
theater, a television center, a music house, 7 cinemas, 18 palaces
of culture and clubs, more than 100 libraries.
1970s
In
May 1971, the Metallurg monument was donated to the city and
installed on the Railway Station Square.
An air terminal building
was built at the new airport.
To commemorate the 40th anniversary
of the extraction of the first ton of ore (450 million tons) from
the Magnitogorsk mine, a monument was unveiled at the top of Mount
Uzyanka.
A tram line was put into operation along the route to
the new 127th microdistrict. The total length of tram lines in the
city has reached 111.2 kilometers.
The Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the formation of the
Leninsky District in the city of Magnitogorsk.
The Magnitogorsk
airport received its first Yak-40 jet aircraft.
The Metallurg
football team won the RSFSR Cup.
The largest department store in the region, Zori Urala, has been
opened on Karl Marx Avenue.
A new circus was commissioned.
On
June 29, 1979, the "Rear-Front" monument was opened.
City chimes
are installed on the People's Festivities Square.
A visiting
plenum of the Union of Artists of the USSR was held in Magnitogorsk.
It was decided to transfer a significant collection of modern art to
the city.
The population of the city has exceeded 400
thousand people.
1980s
March 25, 1980 - the resolution of
the executive committee of the city council of people's deputies "On
the demolition of the village of Staraya Magnitka", which was not
implemented.
In 1981, a monument "Tank" was erected on Victory
Square with the inscription: "During the Great Patriotic War, every
second tank and every third shell was made of Magnitogorsk steel."
On October 11, 1984, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the RSFSR, the Levoberezhny District of the city of
Magnitogorsk was renamed Ordzhonikidze District.
On January 1,
1987, the MMK team switched to full cost accounting and
self-financing.
On July 27, 1987, by order of the State Customs
Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers No. 81, the first customs
house in the Urals was created in Magnitogorsk. The zones of
activity for the Magnitogorsk customs were 5 regions of the Urals
(Perm, Tyumen, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk) and 1 republic of
the Volga region (Bashkir ASSR).
On March 6, 1988, the Oncoming
Movement patriotic association held one of the first political and
environmental demonstrations in Russia.
In July 1988, the US
Ambassador to the USSR, Mr. Jack F. Matlock, and his wife arrived in
the city. At the Central Stadium of Metallurgists. 50th Anniversary
of October, the official opening of the exhibition "Informatics in
the Life of the USA" took place.
June 30, 1989 - industrial
Magnitka is 60 years old. The total cost of the products of 35
industrial enterprises is more than 3.5 billion rubles per year.
The city has 2 theaters, a circus, 2 museums, 177 libraries, 2
institutes, a music school, and a choir chapel.
Russian
Federation
1990s
On February 24, 1991, a rally was held in
support of the independence of Russia, which was attended by over
10,000 people.
In October 1992, MMK was reorganized into a joint
stock company.
The Ice Sports Palace named after I. Kh. Romazan
was put into operation.
The peak of the population of
Magnitogorsk was in 1992 - 441 thousand people, two years later in
1994 it was only 427 thousand.
In 1994, the MGMI Institute was
transferred to the status of the USSR Academy.
In 1996, MMK
produced 7.5 million tons of metal - the same amount was produced by
Great Britain and Canada combined. The first elections of the head
of the city were held, the victory in which was won by V.G.
Anikushin.
Construction of a bypass (ring) road began. Project
length 100 km, completion date - 2007
On September 10, 1998, by
order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation No.
2322, MGMA is awarded the status of a university.
On September
17, 1999, the reconstruction of the airport was completed, the
capacity increased from 200 passengers per day to 200 per hour.
2000s
On February 4, 2000, the first direct international
flight Magnitogorsk - Zurich was performed.
In 2001, the
Magnitogorsk State Pedagogical University was reorganized into the
Magnitogorsk State University.
In the spring of 2002, the
hardware and metallurgical and sizing plants were merged into the
MMK-Metiz metalware and sizing plant of the MMK group.
In 2002,
the Waterfall of Miracles water park was opened.
In 2003, the
Church of the Ascension of Christ was consecrated
The village of
Staraya Magnitka received its former name - Magnitnaya Stanitsa.
In 2007, LDS Arena-Metallurg was opened, where the Metallurg hockey
team (Magnitogorsk) plays home matches.
In 2009, mill-5000 was
opened, worth 40 billion rubles. This is the largest industrial
project implemented in 20 years of the existence of modern Russia.
In 2009, natural population growth was recorded, for the first time
since 1992.
2010-th
In July 2011, MMK opened a 2000 cold
rolling mill worth 46 billion rubles. The main purpose of the
complex: the production of high quality cold-rolled and galvanized
steel for the production of external and internal parts of cars,
household appliances and building structures.
In January 2012 MUK
"Magnitogorsk City Philharmonic" was reorganized into MBUK
"Magnitogorsk Concert Association".
In June 2012, on the eve of
the city's birthday, filming of the interregional television
festival "Play, accordion!" It was organized by the Department of
Culture of the city of Magnitogorsk, MBUK "Concert Association" and
the All-Russian Center "Play, Accordion!" named after Gennady
Zavolokin. The Grand Prix was awarded to the children's and youth
folklore ensemble "Shaitan" from Pervouralsk, Sverdlovsk region. As
a result of the festival, in the autumn of the same year, two TV
programs were broadcast on Channel One.
Artistic director of the
L-band MBUK "Concert Association" Sergei Sokolov became a laureate
of the television festival "Song-2012" as a composer of the song "It
Doesn't Happen", which was performed by the Eurovision Laureate,
People's Artist of Kabardino-Balkaria, Honored Artist of Russia Dima
Bilan.
In 2012, the Magnitogorsk and Verkhneuralsk diocese of the
Russian Orthodox Church was created.
In 2015, the Magnitogorsk
customs house was abolished.
In 2017, an international exhibition
opened in New York, where the products of the Magnitogorsk Iron and
Steel Works were presented.
On December 31, 2018, on Karl Marx
Street in a residential 10-storey large-block building, there was an
explosion of domestic gas (the version is considered by the TFR and
the FSB as a priority), which led to the collapse of one of the 12
entrances. 39 people were killed. January 2, 2019 in the Chelyabinsk
region was declared a mourning day.
By the decree of the
President of the Russian Federation dated July 2, 2020, the city was
awarded the title "City of Labor Valor".
Located at the foot of Magnitnaya Mountain, on the eastern slope
of the Southern Urals, on both banks of the Ural River (the right
bank in Europe, the left in Asia). One of six cities in the world
located in two parts of the world (Europe and Asia) along with
Istanbul, Atyrau, Baku, Orenburg and Orsk. Magnitogorsk is the 25th
largest city in the Russian Federation in terms of area and 47th in
terms of population.
The territory of the city is 392.35 km²,
the length from north to south is 27 km, from east to west is 22 km,
the height above sea level is about 310 m.
The western border
of the territory of Magnitogorsk coincides with the administrative
border between the Chelyabinsk region and the Republic of
Bashkortostan, as well as the Ural and Volga federal districts.
Removed from Chelyabinsk by rail 420 km, by road 310 km.
Distance from Moscow to 1,916 km by rail, about 1,800 km along the
M-5 highway (through Togliatti, Ryazan) and about 1,700 km along the
M-7 highway (through Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod).
Vegetable world:
Imported from other places: the most common are
blue spruces of North American origin, less often western thuja;
oak, Canadian maple, pyramidal poplar and chestnut are rare.
Local species: Scots pine, Siberian larch, common spruce, birch,
elm, poplar, maple, apple, linden and others.
The
climate of Magnitogorsk has a pronounced continental character,
characteristic of the entire South Trans-Urals, with cold winters
with little snow and dry warm summers. The influence of the Ural
Ridge is manifested in the weakening of the western transport,
causing more frequent invasions of the Arctic masses. The Siberian
anticyclone and cyclonic activity on the Arctic front play an
important role in the formation of climate and weather in winter.
Often, the weather is influenced by southern cyclones moving from
the Black, Caspian and Aral seas.
The coldest month is
January, with an average monthly temperature of −14.1 ° C. Absolute
minimum air temperature: -46 ° C. Summer is warm, in some years it
can be hot. Average monthly air temperature of the warmest month of
July: + 19.2 ° C. Absolute maximum air temperature: + 39 ° C. The
average duration of the frost-free period is 105 days.
Average annual temperature: + 2.8 ° C;
Average annual wind
speed: 4.7 m / s;
Magnitogorsk has repeatedly
been one of the cities with the most unfavorable environmental
conditions, which is significantly influenced by the Magnitogorsk
Iron and Steel Works. The enterprise is implementing an
environmental program aimed at reducing and preventing emissions, as
well as adopted an environmental policy.
Since 2000, the
amount of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary
sources has been steadily decreasing. If in 2000 there were 321.6
thousand tons of pollutants in the atmosphere on the territory of
Magnitogorsk, in 2013 there were 229.5 thousand tons of pollutants,
and in 2018 there were 203.21 thousand tons of pollutants.
In
2018, Magnitogorsk was included in the federal project "Clean Air",
the main goal of which is to implement comprehensive action plans to
reduce emissions of pollutants into the air in large industrial
centers.
According to the assessment of the Main Geophysical
Observatory named after A.I. Voikov in 2017, Magnitogorsk had a very
high level of air pollution; the city was included in the list of
cities with the highest level of air pollution in the Russian
Federation. In 2018 and 2019, an improvement in the quality of
atmospheric air in the city was noted, the level of air pollution is
assessed as high. One of the key indicators of a decrease in which
led to an improvement in air quality is the concentration of
benzopyrene, which in 2018 decreased by half compared to the
previous year.