Oktyabrsky is a city in Bashkortostan, Russia. It is the fifth largest city in the republic, located in its west, 180 km from Ufa. Its area is 100 km². The city in the competition "The most comfortable urban (rural) settlement in Russia in 2015" took first place in the category "Urban settlements with a population of 100 thousand people or more."
It arose in 1945 in the oil field, since 1946 - a city that received the ideological stamp Oktyabrsky in its name.
At the Mullino II site, which dates back to the
7th-6th millennia BC, the most ancient remains of a domestic
horse have been found. According to archaeological research by A. V.
Zbrueva, V. E. Garutt, S. I. Kiktenko, A. P. Shokurov, V. L.
Yakhimovich, the district of the city of Oktyabrsky in the 1st
millennium AD. was inhabited by people of the Kipchak-Turkic tribe.
During the period of the Volga-Bulgar state, arable farming
began on the pastures of pastoralists. In the second half of the
16th century. and during the 17th century the Ikskaya valley and the
slopes of Narysh-tau became a place of mass migration of the peoples
of the Middle Volga region. The economic development of the region
is underway.
In 1632, the foreman of the Kyr-Elan clan
Kulchan, the son of Kukkuz-bey, received from the Ufa governor,
Prince M. Yu. Trubetskoy, a letter of gratitude from the Moscow tsar
for the ownership of patrimonial land along the Ik river valley and
the Narysh-Tau slopes. Villages appeared in these places: in 1684
the formation of Turkmenevo began, in 1742 - the construction of
Naryshevo, in the 1740s-50s. Mulla and Verkhne-Zaitovo appeared. In
the same years, the aul of the tribal foreman Moskau Davletkulov
Tau-Bash was built here, later called Moskovka.
During the
period of the cantonal control system, the villages of the
Narysh-Tau slope were part of the 12 Bashkir and 5 Mishar-Tatar
cantons, the population belonged to the military class. With the
formation of the Ufa province in 1865, they entered the
Verkhne-Bishinda volost of the Belebeevsky district.
In 1930,
geologist KR Chepikov, relying on the scientific forecasts of
Academician I.M. Gubkin, discovers a large structure of oil-bearing
strata on the slopes of the Narysh-Tau, in 1935, an oil exploration
party of S. T. Sargaev installed four drill holes.
With the
discovery in 1937 in the west of the republic of large oil fields
(primarily Tuimazinsky) and the organization of the Tuimazaneft
trust, it was decided to build a working village for oil workers on
the right bank of the Ik River. The site for the construction of the
village was chosen in 1937 at Shaitan-Pole, between the villages of
Mullino and Turkmenevo. In the late 1930s and during the harsh
wartime, the villages that had stood here for three centuries became
a shelter for the first builders of the village. These villages (Old
Tuymazy, Verkhnee Zaitovo) were founded by the Bashkirs-Kyr-Elans.
There were also the villages of Naryshevo, Turkmenevo and Moskovka.
Later they became part of the city. The first tent camps for oil
workers appeared here in 1937-1938. In two years, about 20 one-story
houses of adobe bricks were built, a club, a canteen, a post office
were erected. The first builders called the settlement the Socialist
town (Sotsgorod). The influx of labor to the oil fields was
enormous; in the early years, people dug dugouts and hibernated in
them. In 1941-1942 special settlers arrived from the Volga region -
the Germans, who began to saw wood, quarry stones in the quarries in
Naryshevo, Mullino, Moskovka. The first two-storey capital houses
and the first school were built of rubble stone, so these streets
were called Stone (now Gorky Street). Sotsgorod was renamed into the
working village of Oktyabrsky. Prison labor was used in the
construction of the city. On the site of the current bus station
there was a camp where 25-year-olds were kept - scientists,
engineers, military personnel, repressed in different years.
Military builders initially organized the entire economy of the
village, carried out communications, built bridges. Their barracks
were located on the site of the current city park. The first street
of the village was named Devonskaya to commemorate the discovery of
oil near Naryshev in 1944.
On April 5, 1946, the working
settlement of Oktyabrsky, Tuymazinsky district, was transformed into
a city of republican subordination. The town included the village of
Mullino. The working village was built up haphazardly, it was
necessary to streamline the complex urban education, therefore in
Moscow the architectural workshop No. 1 of the Vesnin brothers was
ordered a general plan of the city. The master plan was developed in
the classic spirit of Russian urban planning art. From the
Devonskaya Street that formed along Ika and the buildings adjacent
to it, regular quarter buildings were projected. A wide Gorky Street
ran from the center to the projected railway station along Severnaya
Street. Two large areas were set aside for city parks, one for the
oilmen park founded in 1946, the second for the future park named
after Yuri Gagarin. Along the perimeter of the parks, the Garden
Ring is designed in the likeness of the capital. In terms of urban
development, it resembles the silhouette of an oil fountain running
along the center - avenue, from Devonskaya Street and beyond the
Garden Ring, scattering blocks of low-rise buildings. The city
gradually moved from the eight-storey dominants of the hotel and
bank to 3-5-storey buildings, and then in the suburbs to 1-2-storey
buildings. In 1946-47, about 500 Finnish houses and barracks were
built. The houses formed Green and Vostochny villages.
In the early 1950s, the city was built up with 2-5-storey capital
buildings, designed as a single architectural ensemble of quarter
development. At this time, significant public buildings of the city
were erected: a house of technology, a recreation center for
builders, a department store, 10 school buildings, 8 kindergartens
and nurseries. A maternity hospital and a hospital town for oil
workers were built, consisting of four buildings and other
buildings. By the early 1960s, the formation of a new administrative
center and avenue named after Stalin (later Lenin Ave.) 2-6-storey
capital residential buildings and buildings. With the beginning of
the Khrushchev campaign to provide the population with cheap
apartments, the demolition of the original quarters and the
introduction of five-story buildings into the existing harmonious
development began.
A major city-forming factor in Oktyabrsky
was the construction in the 1970s of a KamAZ satellite - an
auto-instrument plant. The city developed eastward. In the Leningrad
Research Institute of Urban Development in 1977, the architect
S.N.Samenina developed the general plan of the city under the
leadership of S.I.Sokolov.
The city in the competition "The
most comfortable urban (rural) settlement in Russia in 2010" took
the third place in the category "Urban settlements with a population
of 100 thousand people or more."
Physical and geographical
characteristics
Geographical position
It is the fifth largest
city in the republic, located in its west, 180 km from Ufa. Its area
is 100 km². It is located in the Ural zone (Bugulma-Belebey Upland),
on the right bank of the Ik River, which is at the same time the
border with the Republic of Tatarstan. Located near the federal
highway M5 "Ural". Distance to Moscow - 1245 km, to the nearest
railway passenger station Urusu (Tatarstan) - about 15 km, Tuimazy
station (Bashkortostan) - 25 km. There is a dead-end railway station
Naryshevo (no passenger traffic) within the city limits. There is a
sports airfield Oktyabrsky (former airport) 9 km south-west of the
city.