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Location: Quraysh Street, Amman
The Roman Nymphaeum in Amman, Jordan, is a significant archaeological site, a monumental public fountain constructed in 191 CE during the Roman period when Amman was known as Philadelphia, a key city in the Decapolis, a league of ten Greco-Roman cities in the Levant. Located in the heart of downtown Amman, near the Roman Theatre and Grand Husseini Mosque, the Nymphaeum was dedicated to the water nymphs, mythological spirits associated with springs and rivers, and served as both a functional water source and a decorative civic centerpiece. Though partially ruined due to earthquakes and urban development, recent restoration efforts have revitalized the site, making it a notable attraction for visitors exploring Amman’s Roman heritage.
The Nymphaeum was built in 191 CE, during the reign of Emperor
Commodus (r. 180–192 CE), as indicated by inscriptions found during
excavations. Philadelphia, named after the Ptolemaic ruler Philadelphus,
was a prosperous Roman city in the Provincia Arabia, established by
Emperor Trajan in 106 CE. As a Decapolis member, it thrived as a hub of
trade, culture, and administration, with significant infrastructure like
the Roman Theatre (138–161 CE), Roman Forum, and Odeon.
Nymphaea
were common in Roman cities, serving as public fountains that provided
water for drinking, bathing, and social gatherings while showcasing
civic wealth and artistic sophistication. The Amman Nymphaeum,
strategically placed along the Seil Amman stream (now largely covered by
modern streets), was fed by an aqueduct system, likely drawing water
from springs in the surrounding hills. It was a focal point for
community life, where residents gathered to collect water, socialize,
and admire its ornate sculptures and mosaics.
Following the Roman
period, the Nymphaeum fell into disuse during the Byzantine era (4th–7th
centuries CE) and the Islamic conquests, notably after the Battle of
Yarmouk (636 CE). Earthquakes, a recurring challenge in Jordan, damaged
the structure, and sediment from the Seil Amman buried much of it,
preserving the lower levels. By the medieval period, the site was
largely forgotten, with urban development encroaching on its remains.
Rediscovered in the 20th century, the Nymphaeum underwent initial
excavations in the 1940s by the Jordanian Department of Antiquities,
with significant restoration from 2013–2015 by the Greater Amman
Municipality, Jordanian Ministry of Tourism, and international partners
like USAID and the Spanish Agency for International Development
Cooperation. These efforts cleared debris, restored key features, and
opened the site to the public, enhancing its role in Amman’s cultural
tourism.
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The Amman Nymphaeum is a two-story, semicircular fountain complex,
typical of Roman nymphaea found in cities like Pompeii, Ephesus, and
Jerash. Measuring approximately 100 meters wide and 9 meters high at its
peak, it was designed to impress with its scale, intricate decorations,
and water features. Despite significant damage, its restored elements
reveal a sophisticated blend of functionality and artistry. Below are
the key architectural features, based on archaeological data and recent
descriptions:
1. Structure and Layout
Semicircular Plan: The
Nymphaeum is built against the hillside of Jebel Al-Joufah, forming a
semicircular exedra (curved wall) that encloses a large basin. This
design maximized water collection and created a dramatic backdrop for
public gatherings.
Two-Story Facade: The fountain featured a
two-tiered facade, with the lower level housing water basins and the
upper level adorned with decorative elements. The facade was divided
into seven large semicircular niches on the lower tier, flanked by
smaller rectangular niches, and likely mirrored by niches or columns on
the upper tier.
Main Basin: A large rectangular basin, approximately
40 meters long and 2–3 meters deep, collected water from the aqueduct
and overflow from smaller basins. The basin was paved with stone slabs,
some of which remain, and served as the primary water reservoir for
public use.
Smaller Basins: Each of the seven large niches contained
a smaller basin for water distribution, fed by pipes embedded in the
structure. These basins allowed residents to draw water directly from
the fountain.
2. Decorative Elements
Niches and Statues: The
seven large niches, each about 4–5 meters high, were designed to house
marble statues of water nymphs, deities, or mythological figures, though
none survive intact. Smaller niches likely held additional sculptures or
decorative reliefs. The niches are framed by Corinthian columns and
entablatures, adding to the facade’s grandeur.
Mosaics and Marble:
The lower level was decorated with colored marble panels and mosaics,
featuring geometric patterns, floral motifs, and possibly scenes of
water-related mythology. Fragments of mosaics, now faded or covered for
protection, were found during excavations. The upper level may have had
similar decorations, though less survives.
Water Features: Water
cascaded from the upper tier into the niche basins and main basin,
creating a dynamic visual and auditory effect. Lion-head spouts or
bronze fittings, common in Roman nymphaea, likely adorned the structure,
though none remain.
Carved Reliefs: The facade included carved stone
reliefs, possibly depicting aquatic themes or Roman deities like Neptune
or Nereids. Some relief fragments, such as acanthus leaves and scrolls,
are visible in the restored sections.
3. Water Supply System
Aqueduct and Pipes: The Nymphaeum was fed by an aqueduct channeling
water from springs in the Amman hills, possibly near Wadi Abdoun. A
network of lead or ceramic pipes within the walls distributed water to
the basins and spouts, showcasing Roman hydraulic engineering.
Seil
Amman Stream: The fountain’s location along the Seil Amman, a natural
watercourse, ensured a steady supply and allowed overflow to drain into
the stream, preventing flooding.
Engineering Precision: The system’s
design, with sloped basins and overflow channels, minimized water loss
and maintained cleanliness, reflecting the Romans’ advanced water
management, seen in structures like the Aqueduct of Lisbon or Pont du
Gard.
4. Construction Materials
Local Limestone: The Nymphaeum
is primarily built from white and pink limestone, quarried locally,
giving it a cohesive aesthetic with other Philadelphia structures like
the Roman Theatre. The stone’s durability has preserved the lower
facade.
Marble and Plaster: Imported marble was used for decorative
panels and statues, signaling wealth, while plaster coated interior
surfaces, some painted to mimic marble. Traces of plaster remain in
protected areas.
Restoration Materials: The 2013–2015 restoration
used new limestone and concrete to stabilize the structure, with efforts
to match the original stonework. Some critics note visible modern
patches, though they ensure structural integrity.
5.
Architectural Style
Roman Baroque: The Nymphaeum’s ornate facade,
with its niches, columns, and cascading water, reflects the Roman
Baroque style, emphasizing theatricality and opulence. This style is
seen in other Decapolis nymphaea, like Jerash’s, but Amman’s is larger
and more centrally located.
Hellenistic Influence: The semicircular
exedra and sculptural program draw on Hellenistic traditions, adapted
for Roman civic purposes, as seen in the Nymphaeum of Miletus.
Local
Adaptation: The use of local limestone and integration with the Seil
Amman stream root the structure in Jordan’s landscape, blending Roman
universalism with regional identity.
6. Relationship to
Surrounding Structures
Roman Theatre and Forum: The Nymphaeum is 500
meters northwest of the Roman Theatre and Hashemite Plaza (Roman Forum),
forming part of Philadelphia’s civic core. Its proximity suggests it was
a social complement to the theatre’s cultural functions.
Seil Amman:
The stream’s role in supplying and draining the fountain tied it to the
city’s natural infrastructure, now obscured by modern streets.
Urban
Context: The Nymphaeum’s placement near major roads and markets made it
a bustling hub, contrasting with the more secluded Amman Citadel
structures like the Temple of Hercules.
The Amman Nymphaeum is a vital link to Roman Philadelphia’s civic and
cultural life, with several dimensions of significance:
Civic
Function: As a public fountain, the Nymphaeum provided essential water
for drinking, bathing, and household use, fostering community
interaction. Its ornate design symbolized Philadelphia’s wealth and
Roman patronage, reinforcing civic pride.
Religious Symbolism:
Dedicated to water nymphs, the Nymphaeum had a religious role, with
statues and rituals honoring water deities. This reflects Roman
syncretism, blending Greek mythology with local beliefs, as seen in the
Temple of Hercules at the Citadel.
Architectural Innovation: The
Nymphaeum showcases Roman hydraulic engineering and decorative artistry,
with its aqueduct system, cascading water, and marble mosaics. Its scale
and sophistication rival nymphaea in Jerash and Bosra, highlighting
Philadelphia’s status in the Decapolis.
Historical Continuity:
Preserved by sediment and rediscovered in the 20th century, the
Nymphaeum illustrates Amman’s layered history, from Hellenistic and
Roman times to Byzantine, Islamic, and modern periods. Its restoration
reflects Jordan’s commitment to heritage preservation, seen in projects
at the Citadel and Roman Theatre.
Cultural Tourism: The Nymphaeum’s
recent restoration (2013–2015) has elevated its status as a tourist
attraction, complementing Amman’s historical sites. Its free access and
central location make it an accessible entry point for exploring Roman
Philadelphia.
Compared to Jerash’s Nymphaeum, which is better
preserved with intact columns and mosaics, Amman’s is larger but more
damaged, requiring imagination to envision its original splendor. Its
urban setting, unlike the more isolated Petra nymphaea, underscores its
role as a social hub.
The Nymphaeum is in a partially restored state, with significant
damage from earthquakes, urban encroachment, and time, but recent
efforts have revitalized its appearance. Key aspects of its current
condition include:
Preserved Elements: The lower facade, with
seven semicircular niches, Corinthian column bases, and main basin, is
largely intact. Fragments of mosaics, marble panels, and carved reliefs
(e.g., acanthus leaves) are visible, though faded or protected. The
stone paving of the basin and some pipe channels remain.
Damage:
Earthquakes, notably in the 5th–7th centuries CE, collapsed the upper
facade, statues, and much of the decorative program. Urban development
in the 20th century, including roads over the Seil Amman, buried or
destroyed parts of the structure. Only the lower 3–4 meters of the
original 9-meter height survive.
Restoration (2013–2015): The Greater
Amman Municipality, with USAID and Spanish support, cleared debris,
restored niches and columns, and stabilized the basin. A metal fence and
informative signage were added, and the site was landscaped with paths
for accessibility. Reviews praise the “clean and restored” appearance,
though some note modern materials like concrete.
Environmental
Challenges: Exposure to pollution, weathering, and occasional vandalism
(e.g., graffiti) requires ongoing maintenance. The fence and security
measures mitigate these issues, but the site’s urban setting exposes it
to noise and congestion.
Public Access: The Nymphaeum is an open-air
site, free to visit, with a metal fence ensuring safety while allowing
clear views. It is not as prominent as the Roman Theatre but benefits
from its downtown location.
The restoration has made the Nymphaeum a
more inviting attraction, though its partial state requires visitors to
imagine its original scale, as noted in reviews calling it “impressive
but not fully restored.”
Visiting the Amman Nymphaeum offers a quick but enriching glimpse
into Roman Philadelphia’s civic life, ideal for those exploring downtown
Amman. Here’s what to expect:
Duration of Visit: Exploring the
Nymphaeum takes 10–20 minutes, as it is a compact site with limited
remains. Combining with the Roman Theatre, Odeon, Hashemite Plaza, and
Grand Husseini Mosque (all within 500 meters) creates a 1–2-hour
itinerary.
Accessibility: Located on Quraysh Street in downtown
Amman, near the Grand Husseini Mosque, the Nymphaeum is easily reached:
On Foot: A 5-minute walk from the Roman Theatre or Hashemite Plaza; 10
minutes from King Faisal Street’s souks.
By Taxi/Rideshare: Costs 1–2
JOD from Rainbow Street, Al Abdali, or Citadel. Use Uber, Careem, or GPS
coordinates (e.g., XW62+7R).
Public Transport: Buses or shared taxis
from Raghdan Tourist Terminal (0.5–1 JOD) stop near the mosque or
theatre, a short walk away.
By Car: Limited street parking is
available, but walking from the Hashemite Plaza is recommended.
Entry Requirements:
Admission: Free, as an open-air site, accessible
during daylight hours.
Hours: Open 24/7, but best visited during
daylight (7:00 AM–6:00 PM) for safety and visibility. No formal gate,
but the metal fence restricts close access to some areas.
Highlights:
Restored Facade: The seven niches, Corinthian column
bases, and main basin are the focal points, evoking the fountain’s
original grandeur. The restored stonework and relief fragments (e.g.,
acanthus leaves) are photogenic.
Signage: Informative boards in
English and Arabic detail the Nymphaeum’s history, construction, and
restoration, making it accessible to casual visitors.
Urban Context:
The site’s juxtaposition with modern Amman, including the Grand Husseini
Mosque’s minarets and bustling souks, highlights the city’s layered
history. Views of the Citadel from nearby streets add scenic appeal.
Atmosphere: The Nymphaeum is described as “peaceful” and “intriguing,”
with a quieter ambiance than the Roman Theatre due to fewer crowds. Its
urban setting means street noise and passersby, but the fence creates a
sense of separation. Locals often linger nearby, adding a communal feel.
Photography: Permitted freely, with the niches, basin, and reliefs
offering compelling shots. Morning light enhances the limestone’s
texture, while sunset casts dramatic shadows. The Citadel and mosque
minarets provide a striking backdrop.
Guided Tours: No on-site guides
are stationed, but the signage is sufficient for most visitors.
English-speaking guides (~10–15 JOD/hour) from the Roman Theatre ticket
office can include the Nymphaeum in a downtown tour. Group tours (e.g.,
via Viator or Evendo) often combine it with the Citadel, Theatre, and
Rainbow Street. Apps like GPSmyCity offer self-guided routes.
Nearby Attractions:
Roman Theatre (0.5 km): A 6,000-seat amphitheater
from 138–161 CE, with two small museums.
Hashemite Plaza (Roman
Forum) (0.5 km): A 2nd-century public square with Corinthian columns.
Odeon (0.5 km): A 500-seat auditorium for musical performances.
Grand
Husseini Mosque (0.2 km): A historic mosque rebuilt in 1932, a downtown
landmark.
Amman Citadel (1 km uphill): Home to the Temple of
Hercules, Umayyad Palace, and Byzantine Basilica.
Rainbow Street (2
km): A trendy area with cafes, galleries, and nightlife.
Jordan
Museum (3 km): Houses the Dead Sea Scrolls and Ain Ghazal statues.
Limitations:
The partial ruins, with only the lower facade
surviving, may disappoint those expecting a fully intact structure like
Jerash’s Nymphaeum. Visitors must imagine the upper tier and statues.
Urban noise from Quraysh Street and nearby markets can disrupt the
historical ambiance, unlike the quieter Citadel.
Limited signage
beyond the main boards means deeper context requires a guide or
research.
Accessibility is restricted by the metal fence, preventing
close inspection of some areas, and the uneven ground may challenge
those with mobility issues.
No shade or seating makes the site less
comfortable in summer heat, requiring water and sun protection.
Location: Roman Nymphaeum, Quraysh St., Downtown Amman, Jordan
(XW62+7R).
Opening Hours: Open 24/7 as an open-air site, best visited
7:00 AM–6:00 PM for safety and visibility. No formal restrictions, but
nighttime visits are not recommended due to poor lighting.
Admission:
Free, no ticket required.
Getting There:
On Foot: 5-minute
walk from Roman Theatre, Hashemite Plaza, or Grand Husseini Mosque; 10
minutes from King Faisal Street’s souks.
By Taxi/Rideshare: Costs 1–2
JOD from Rainbow Street, Al Abdali, or Citadel. Use Uber, Careem, or GPS
coordinates.
By Public Transport: Buses or shared taxis from Raghdan
Tourist Terminal (0.5–1 JOD) stop near the Grand Husseini Mosque, a
2-minute walk away.
By Car: Limited street parking on Quraysh St.;
park at Hashemite Plaza and walk.
Tips for Visitors:
Visit
early morning or late afternoon for cooler temperatures, fewer crowds,
and better lighting for photos.
Wear sturdy shoes for uneven ground,
and bring water, sunscreen, and a hat for sun protection.
Read the
signage for historical context, or hire a guide from the Roman Theatre
for a combined tour.
Combine with the Roman Theatre, Hashemite Plaza,
Odeon, and Grand Husseini Mosque for a 1–2-hour downtown itinerary, or
add the Citadel and Rainbow Street for a half-day.
Explore nearby
souks on King Faisal Street for food (e.g., Hashem Restaurant) or
souvenirs after the visit.
Check www.visitjordan.com for updates on
nearby events or road closures affecting access.
Contact: Jordan
Tourism Board (www.visitjordan.com); inquiries via local agencies like
Viator or Evendo. The Greater Amman Municipality or Department of
Antiquities (+962 6 463 8795) can provide restoration details.
The Amman Nymphaeum is a valuable remnant of Roman Philadelphia, but
its partial state and urban setting present challenges. Compared to
Jerash’s Nymphaeum, which retains more columns and decorative elements,
Amman’s is less intact, requiring visitors to rely on imagination or
signage to envision its original splendor. The 2013–2015 restoration has
been praised for accessibility and cleanliness, but some purists
criticize the use of modern materials like concrete, which can feel
inauthentic, though necessary for preservation.
The Nymphaeum’s
urban location, while central, exposes it to noise, pollution, and
visual clutter from modern buildings, unlike the more cohesive
archaeological parks of Petra or Jerash. Reviews noting it as “small” or
“not as impressive” reflect its modest remains compared to the Roman
Theatre or Amman Citadel. The narrative of it being a “major Roman
fountain” is accurate for its time, but its current state pales beside
fully restored nymphaea like Side (Turkey) or Leptis Magna (Libya).
The claim that the Nymphaeum was purely a Roman creation should be
nuanced; its design draws on Hellenistic precedents, and its water
system builds on Nabataean and local traditions, as seen in Petra’s
cisterns. The restoration’s success in making the site free and
accessible is a strength, but the lack of interactive elements or a
visitor center, unlike the Jordan Museum, limits engagement. For
archaeology enthusiasts, the Nymphaeum’s niches and engineering are
compelling, but casual visitors may find it a brief stop unless paired
with nearby attractions.